Various factors affect the reliability of a substation, one of which is the arrangement of the switching devices. Arrangement of the switching devices will impact maintenance, protection, initial substation development, and cost. 1. Single Bus Configuration This arrangement involves one main bus with all circuits connected directly to the bus. The reliability of this type …
Overview Of Electrical Loads In Building
The electrical design professional should determine a building’s electrical load characteristics early in the preliminary design stage of the building to select the proper power distribution system and equipment having adequate power capacity with proper voltage levels, and sufficient space and ventilation to maintain proper ambients. Once the power system is determined, it is often …
Analog Data Acquisition with Transducers
Transducers measure power system parameters by sampling instrument transformer secondaries. They provide a scaled, low-energy signal that represents a power system quantity that the SA interface controller can easily accept. Transducers also isolate and buffer the SA interface controller from the power system and substation environments. Transducer outputs are dc voltages or currents in the …
Substation Main Functions and Classification
An electrical substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries etc. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a ckt. can be switched off during normal operation by manual command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short-ckt. Basically an electrical substation consists of number of …
How HV transmission lines affects humans and plants?
Introduction By increasing population of the world, towns are expanding, many buildings construct near high voltage overhead power transmission lines. The increase of power demand has increased the need for transmitting huge amount of power over long distances. Large transmission lines configurations with high voltage and current levels generate large values of electric and magnetic …
Why and how much for fire protection of power plant?
Fire protection measures can be subdivided into life-safety and investment categories. Life-Safety Measures Life-safety measures are considered to be mandatory by fire codes, building codes, or safety codes. As such, the codes mandate specific types of substation fire protection, with very little flexibility in their selection. Investment Considerations Investment-related fire protection is provided to protect …
Retro perspective 30 years ago: Metal-Clad or Metal-Enclosed MV Switchgear? What to choose?
There are two types of switchgear commonly applied today for switching and protection of in-plant medium voltage (4.16 kV through 34.5 kV) power distribution systems. One is metal-clad switchgear using draw-out air-magnetic or vacuum circuit breakers and relays for both load switching and fault protection: the other is metal-enclosed switchgear using interrupter switches for load switching …
Be extremelly carefull when racking in and racking out of circuit breaker
Arc flash incident, bad racking? There are many reasons causes arc flash incidents. Some of arc flash explosions occur when substation personnel insert or remove (rack in or out) circuit breakers from low or high voltage switchgear cubicles. Manual racking in and racking out circuit breakers poses potentially lethal arc flash exposure. Assumptions and complacency …
Complete overview of lightning arresters (part 3)
Continued from article Complete overview of lightning arresters (part 2) Types of Lightning Arresters for outdoor application There are several types of lightning arresters in general use. They differ only in constructional details but operate on the same principle, providing low resistance path for the surges to the round. Rod arrester Horn gap arrester Multi …
Complete overview of lightning arresters (part 2)
Continued from article Complete overview of lightning arresters (part 1) What is a surge arrester? Surge arresters are devices that help prevent damage to apparatus due to high voltages. The arrester provides a low-impedance path to ground for the current from a lightning strike or transient voltage and then restores to a normal operating conditions. …
