Exciting and inrush currents in transformers that often make protection relays go crazy
If normal voltage is impressed across the primary terminals of a transformer with its secondary open-circuited, a small exciting current flows. This exciting current consists of two components, the loss… Read more
Dec 07, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Improving the cybersecurity of substations using intrusion detection
Multiple layers are necessary to ensure the cybersecurity of substations. Cryptography allows authentication of devices, but not all attacks can be prevented with these measures. Firewalls and “air gaps” can… Read more
Nov 16, 2020 | By Andreas Klien
Ohmic relay applications for protecting power system, lines and generators
This class of relays was originally used to protect transmission lines and were believed to measure the distance from the relay location to a fault. Currently, several types are applied… Read more
Nov 09, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
The facts about switchyards, incoming and outgoing feeder connections, CTs and VTs
What do you need to know about designing a switchyard? Well, to simplify, you need a lot and it’s not that simple. Switchyards need to be designed with respect to… Read more
Oct 21, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
How primary feeder, distribution transformer, fuses and service operate in radial networks
As we already know, distribution transformers step down from the distribution or primary feeder voltage to the utilization voltage. They are connected to the primary feeder, sub-feeders, and laterals through… Read more
Oct 12, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection impacts in the intentional islanding of Distributed Generation (DG)
Distributed Generation can potentially increase the distribution system reliability and provide additional technical and economical benefits by allowing intentional islanding or so called micro-grid operation of DGs. The current IEEE… Read more
Sep 02, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Control system equipment that supervises, protects and controls the substation operation
The control system equipment in a substation is a vital part that supervises, protects and controls the transmission of electrical power. The increasing complexity in the substations of today, together… Read more
Jul 13, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection coordination practices in distribution systems with distributed generation
Generally, in most of the countries that cover large area, there are three types of distribution systems: urban, suburban, and rural. Each type of them has its own features regarding… Read more
Jul 08, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Principles and schemes of busbar and breaker protection in MV/HV/EHV networks
A busbar protection is a protection to protect busbars at short-circuits and earth-faults. In the “childhood” of electricity no separate protection was used for the busbars. Nearby line protection were… Read more
Jun 24, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection practice recommendations and relay schemes for transformer, bus and breaker failure
Protective relays are most often applied with other protective and auxiliary relays as a system rather than individually. The following basic scheme descriptions apply to electromechanical, static, and microprocessor relay… Read more
Jun 06, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
The impact of interconnection transformer on the protection of the utility system with DG
Interconnection transformers are used to interface a distribution generation (DG) unit with an existing power system, and to provide the necessary isolation. Utilities recommend using an interconnection transformer to eliminate… Read more
Jun 03, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Major components of the HVDC converter station (single line diagram explained)
This technical article examines in detail the main equipment of an HVDC converter station and discusses the layout of this equipment within the converter station. The interconnection of HVDC to… Read more
Apr 29, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Best relay protection practices applied to shunt reactors, capacitors, SVCs and STATCOMs
This technical article explains the protection practices applied to shunt reactors and capacitors as well as to static var compensators (SVCs) and static compensators (STATCOMs). Dry-type and oil-immersed reactors usually… Read more
Mar 11, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
What are the primary substation feeders? How to analyze their arrangements?
A feeder carries energy to a substation or bus or to several loads. The several substation feeder arrangements are discussed in this technical article. Feeder may connect two substation buses… Read more
Mar 09, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Primary substations and bus layouts in the distribution system of an industrial plant
The primary distribution system of an industrial plant is generally the higher voltage portion of the system, starting with the purchased-power service and including generators, switching equipment, circuits, and all… Read more
Mar 02, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi