Synchronous Machines




Formulas

The synchronous rotational speed ns and synchronous angular speed ws of a machine with p pole pairs running on a supply of frequency fs are:
ns = 60fs / p
ws = 2pfs / p

The output power Pm for a load torque Tm is:
Pm = wsTm

The rated load torque TM for a rated output power PM is:
TM = PM / ws = PMp / 2pfs = 60PM / 2pns

Synchronous Generator
For a synchronous generator with stator induced voltage Es, stator current Is and synchronous impedance Zs, the terminal voltage V is:
V = Es – IsZs = Es – Is(Rs + jXs)
where Rs is the stator resistance and Xs is the synchronous reactance

Synchronous Motor
For a synchronous motor with stator induced voltage Es, stator current Is and synchronous impedance Zs, the terminal voltage V is:
V = Es + IsZs = Es + Is(Rs + jXs)
where Rs is the stator resistance and Xs is the synchronous reactance

Note that the field excitation of a parallelled synchronous machine determines its power factor:

  • an under-excited machine operates with a leading power factor,
  • an over-excited machine operates with a lagging power factor.

The field excitation of an isolated synchronous generator determines its output voltage.

NOTATION
The symbol font is used for some notation and formulae. If the Greek symbols for alpha beta delta do not appear here [ a b d ] the symbol font needs to be installed for correct display of notation and formulae.
B
E
f
G
I
j
k
m
N
n
P
p
R
susceptance
induced voltage
frequency
conductance
current
j-operator
coefficient
number of phases
number of turns
rotational speed
power
pole pairs
resistance
[siemens, S]
[volts, V]
[hertz, Hz]
[siemens, S]
[amps, A]
[1Ð90°]
[number]
[number]
[number]
[revs/min]
[watts, W]
[number]
[ohms, W]
S
s
T
V
X
Y
Z
d
F
f
h
q
w
voltamperes
slip
torque
terminal voltage
reactance
admittance
impedance
loss angle
magnetic flux
phase angle
efficiency
temperature
angular speed
[volt-amps, VA]
[per-unit]
[newton-metres, Nm]
[volts, V]
[ohms, W]
[siemens, S]
[ohms, W]
[degrees, °]
[webers, Wb]
[degrees, °]
[per-unit]
[centigrade, °C]
[radians/sec]

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