Energy and Power
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Design of Emergency Diesel Generator Control Circuit Logic for Integration with the Utilities
Many utilities have diesel generators added to their energy mix to act as an emergency back-up source when a power shutdown occurs. These emergency generators cannot thwart the entire system from going down but are critical for safe shutdown of…...
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Jan 27, 2025 | By Umer Nasir
Energy and Power
The Brain of a Gas-Insulated Switchgear (GIS): The Bay Local Control Cabinet (LCC)
A local control cabinet (LCC) is commonly installed at each bay location to house the wiring of the GIS bay circuits and connect it to the substation control room. The LCC comprises a mimic diagram, switches, indicators, and annunciator interlocks,… Read more
Apr 15, 2024 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Intricacies of a breaker pole discrepancy and its implications for substation operation
This article delves into the realm of pole discrepancy in high voltage circuit breakers, shedding light on its mechanisms, applications, and the pivotal role it plays in enhancing system reliability. From understanding the choice between gang (three-pole) and independent (single-pole)…...
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Apr 08, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif
High Voltage
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Fundamental concepts of schematic drawings for true field engineers (hands on HV schemes)
Schematic drawings, also known as electrical or circuit diagrams, are essential tools for understanding and designing electrical circuits. Mastering schematic drawing is a fundamental skill for field engineers, allowing them to effectively troubleshoot, maintain, and modify electrical schemes. This technical…...
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Dec 11, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Power Substation
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Mastering Interlock Logic and Schemes for a Gas-Insulated Substation (132 kV GIS Example)
As we delve deeper into this article, we will explore the various types of interlocking mechanisms used for Gas-Insulated Substation (GIS), their applications in substations, power plants, and electrical installations, as well as their significance in ensuring the sustained safety…...
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Oct 30, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Power Substation
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Where to start with the design of 132/33 kV substation switchgear and protection systems
The step-down substations make up for more than 80% of total grid substations and are the focal point of sub-transmission and distribution systems. Usually, HV substations within the power transmission grid are assigned with the dual function of switching and…...
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Mar 21, 2022 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Power Substation
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Guidelines for HV substation designers to properly analyze, size and select equipment
Irrespective of the voltage level and capacity of any substation, the numbers of equipment and their size are usually the major factors in determining the overall capital cost of substations. In this article, we will primarily focus on analytical skills…...
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Dec 13, 2021 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Power Substation
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The art of the switchyard design: Case study of a 220/33 kV 200 MW wind farm
This technical article continues with the switchyard design series by studying the case of the 220/33 kV 200 MW wind farm switchyard in which the design steps are put into practice. Previously, a switchyard design methodology was addressed and it’s…...
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Oct 18, 2021 | By Salem Alshahrani
Power Substation
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The art of the switchyard design: Handpicked details you must consider without fail
This article deals with switchyard design and it’s divided into two parts in which switchyard design considerations are discussed in the first part and the other part presents a case study of a 33/220 kV transmission switchyard. This article discusses…...
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Sep 20, 2021 | By Salem Alshahrani
Energy and Power
Fire behaviour and construction safety precautions for installation of cables and conductors
Although the type of cable and conductor is the determining factor in the fire behaviour of ducts and conduits, the choice of cable tray type and the installation of the latter in line with installation precautions are just as crucial…. Read more
Jun 05, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The concept of redundancy in the power circuits
Generally speaking, distribution substations should be designed with redundancy allowing a portion of feeders to remain energized if any major component fails or is taken out of service for maintenance. To help ensure a reliable system, planners and operators and… Read more
May 01, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Premium Content
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The logic behind switchgear interlocking systems in substations
Switchgear interlocking is installed to protect both the equipment and the operator from dangerous situations caused by incorrect equipment operation. It can be categorized as operational interlocking and safety, or maintenance, interlocking. However interlocking logic is not always easy to…...
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Dec 07, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
Good Practice Rules For In-Process Inspection Of Low Voltage Switchboard
The purpose of in-process inspection is to ensure product conformity after each manufacturing operation. This process concerns all the manufacturing operations done by the workshop operators. Inspection during the manufacturing stage could be described by the following process: Inspection during… Read more
Mar 21, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Four Special Differential Protections And Their Respective CT Requirements
Although the manufacturers of relays dedicated to differential protection impose the necessary CT secondary characteristics required for proper operation, it is useful, for understanding and avoiding errors, to possess minimum knowledge of this type of protection. A differential protection monitors… Read more
Feb 05, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
How To Control Reactive Power In Larger Electrical Plants With Multiple Incomers
Most compensation banks are controlled stepwise. For this purpose it is essential to ‘know’ when it is allowed to (de)activate a capacitor step by the power factor relay (controller). The so-called C/k value is calculated by the step size C… Read more
Nov 15, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
