Energy and Power
Four Essential Engineering Studies for Selecting Overhead Conductors in Substations
Overhead conductors are widely used in electrical substations to interconnect primary equipment such as circuit breakers, disconnectors, current transformers, and busbars. Although these conductors often span relatively short distances compared to transmission lines, their selection remains a critical engineering task…. Read more
Mar 16, 2026 | By Thiseas Violantis
Power Substation
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Mastering Distance Protection and Calculations: Never Mess Up Protection Accuracy
The first part of this article series delved into the fundamentals of overcurrent protection, exploring the intricacies of relay coordination, the impact of source impedance, and the application of distance protection. These foundational concepts laid the groundwork for understanding how…...
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Sep 23, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif
Premium Content
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Mastering stability test of power transformer: Differential and Restricted Earth Fault (REF) protection
This technical article discusses the essentials of transformer differential protection and restricted earth fault protection schemes, contrasting the two and elaborating on why the latter is necessary. Furthermore, it reveals the outcomes of stability tests performed on a 502 MVA…...
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Sep 25, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Power Substation
Differences between primary and secondary distribution networks (you MUST know!)
This article will clarify certain frequently misunderstood terms among novice engineers: primary and secondary systems, as well as their equipment and configurations. The transmission and distribution networks of North America are examined as an example. Electricity can be generated from… Read more
Apr 24, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Secrets and warnings in operation and maintenance of a Gas Insulated Substation (GIS)
After its inception in the mid-1960s, GIS technology has become a remarkable success over a wide range of high voltage applications up to 800 kV. Reliable operation and compact size have been its main advantages over its conventional air-insulated counterparts…....
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Jul 11, 2022 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Low Voltage
The story of designing the electrical part of MV/LV power substation
Designing a new MV/LV distribution substation is somewhat complicated and involves a lot of factors you must take care of. This technical article will try to present the essential steps in starting the design process. The beginning is always the… Read more
Jan 15, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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Six beautiful animals that cause interruptions and hazards to electric utilities
Animals are one the largest causes of customer interruptions for nearly every electric utility worldwide, right after human and other factors. Problems and mitigation techniques are as varied as the animals involved. Identifying and addressing physical root causes is often…...
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This content is not available in your premium membership plan. Please upgrade your plan in order to access this content. You can choose an annually based Basic, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers.With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
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Aug 19, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Critical aspects of a distance non-unit relay protection (you should understand)
Non-unit protection consists of circuits that measure and compare the voltages and currents at the relaying point. It is able to determine the location of the fault from these values. It generally only responds to faults in one direction. Non-unit… Read more
Jul 15, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Fuses as the oldest and simplest method of protecting rural distribution systems
Fuses are the oldest and simplest methods of protecting rural networks. There is no method as simple as fuses, but don’t be tricked, modern fuses are very reliable devices. All they need is a good discrimination achieved to be almost… Read more
Jun 19, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The essentials of radial distribution system and its subtransmission circuits
Electric distribution system is all of that part of an electric power system between the bulk power source or sources and the consumers’ service switches. The bulk power sources are located in or near the load area to be served… Read more
May 15, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Minimizing failure impact in distribution systems by allowing faults to clear themselves
Distribution systems are basically insecure – failure of a major component always leads to customer interruptions. So, what can be done? Reliable distribution systems minimize this impact by allowing faults to clear themselves, by minimizing the number of customers affected… Read more
Apr 08, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Pilot schemes for transmission line protection
Pilot schemes simultaneously measure and monitor system parameters at all terminals of a transmission line, local and remote, and then respond according to their predetermined functions. These schemes require the use of a communications channel that may be provided through… Read more
Mar 13, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
What is polarity and why it’s important for transformers and protection relays
Polarity is very important for the operation of transformers and protection equipment. A clear understanding of polarity is useful in understanding and analyzing transformer connections and operations as well as testing protection relays and systems. It’s also essential in understanding… Read more
Nov 19, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Ground faults in ungrounded systems (risks & detection)
Ungrounded systems are power systems with no intentionally applied grounding. However, they are grounded by the natural capacitance of the system to ground. Thus, the fault current level is very low, such that equipment damage is minimal. It is not… Read more
Nov 05, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Short circuit phenomenon you should properly understand
A short circuit in an electrical circuit is a part of the circuit that for some reasons has become “shorter” than it should be. The current in an electrical circuit flows the easiest way and if two points in a… Read more
Oct 03, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
