Power Substation
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Design of Auto/Manual Changeover Logic Between Two Busbars Within a Substation
In any industry/plant, the operations rely heavily on interruption free supply of power to meet the targets of production. As a result, we see emergency generators, UPSs or renewable energy sources to save us from complete shutdown. This back-up or…...
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Mar 10, 2025 | By Umer Nasir
Power Substation
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Contract drawings for a power transformer – The checklist you should always follow
This technical article provides a collection of the common drawings that are sent by the manufacturer to the client for approval and reference. The goal of these drawings is to verify that the transformers that are going to be manufactured…...
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Dec 04, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
How primary feeder, distribution transformer, fuses and service operate in radial networks
As we already know, distribution transformers step down from the distribution or primary feeder voltage to the utilization voltage. They are connected to the primary feeder, sub-feeders, and laterals through primary fuses or fused cutouts. The primary fuse disconnects its… Read more
Oct 12, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
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How does low voltage protection unit work and what’s the most important to understand
If we are talking about LV applications, the protection (or trip) unit is a functional part of a circuit breaker. In most cases, they are physically integrated into the same housing as well. To better explain the purpose of the…...
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This content is not available in your premium membership plan. Please upgrade your plan in order to access this content. You can choose an annually based Basic, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers.With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
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Jan 23, 2020 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Energy and Power
Rules for power distribution in LV switchgear and protection of branch / distributed lines
In designing a power distribution concept, encompassing the sizing of systems and devices, it is essential to align the requirements and feasibility with both the end user and the manufacturer. The appropriate sizing of low-voltage switchgear necessitates an understanding of… Read more
Sep 20, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Premium Content
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Step by step calculation of overload and short circuit currents
In a heating system a motor-driven pump with a power of 200 kW, cos φ = 0.88, η = 0.93 is connected through an overhead cable with 1= 45 m (Figure 1). Let’s see the calculation of the following: Operating…...
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This content is not available in your premium membership plan. Please upgrade your plan in order to access this content. You can choose an annually based Basic, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers.With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
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Jun 26, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Which type of residual current device (RCD) you should use for protection?
It is not quite clear when and by whom the first residual current device (RCD) was developed, but it certainly appeared on the market in the 1950s and was initially used by some utility companies to fight “energy theft” due… Read more
Jul 28, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Two Circuit-Breaker Types For Automatic Disconnection Of the Supply
The Standard IEC 60364 prescribes automatic disconnection of the supply for protection against indirect contact. The protective device shall automatically disconnect the supply so that, in the event of a fault between a live part and an exposed-conductive-part or a… Read more
Jul 20, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
An example of transformer overload and short circuit protection
Transformer protection consists of both overload protection and short circuit protection. Overload protection is usually accomplished via proper selection of the secondary overcurrent protective device. NEC Article 450 gives specific primary and secondary overcurrent device ratings that may not be… Read more
Jan 21, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Types and Applications Of Overcurrent Relay
Distribution systems are susceptible to overcurrent flow within its components. Overcurrent may arise from abnormal system conditions, including overloads and short-circuit failures, or from typical system conditions, such as transformer inrush current and motor initiation. Consequently, under typical system conditions,… Read more
Feb 01, 2013 | By Jignesh Parmar
Electric Motor
Thermal (Overload) Motor Relay Protection
The majority of winding failures in motor are either indirectly or directly caused by overloading (either prolonged or cyclic), operation on unbalanced supply voltage, or single phasing, which all lead through excessive heating to the deterioration of the winding insulation… Read more
Jul 14, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Direct On Line (DOL) Motor Starter
Different starting methods are employed for starting induction motors because Induction Motor draws more starting current during starting. We use a variety of starters in order to protect the windings from being damaged by the high current flow that is… Read more
Apr 22, 2012 | By Jignesh Parmar
Electric Motor
NEC Code for Size of Cable for Motor
Size of Cable for Branch circuit which has Single Motor connection is 125% of Motor Full Load Current Capacity. What is the minimum rating in amperes for Cables supplying 1 No of 5 hp, 415-volt, 3-phase motor at 0.8 Power… Read more
Dec 30, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
Energy and Power
Time-Current Curves explained in details
Time-current curves are used to show how fast a breaker will trip at any magnitude of current. The following illustration shows how a time-current curve works. The figures along the bottom (horizontal axis) represent current in amperes. The figures along… Read more
Dec 07, 2010 | By Edvard Csanyi
