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Technical Articles

Cables

Offshore wind farms – transmission cables

The European wind power industry is increasingly turning to the offshore wind resource, and the United States will draw on the Europeans’ experience as we begin to plan offshore wind… Read more

Mar 23, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Offshore wind farms - transmission
Lighting

Colour classification and temperature

Colour is a subjective psycho physiologic interpretation of the visible electromagnetic spectrum. Luminous sensations or images, produced in our retina, are sent to the brain and interpreted as a set… Read more

Mar 22, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Colour classification according to the C.I.E. chromatic diagram
Medium Voltage

PIX metal-clad switchgear – Schneider Electric

The PIX metal-clad switchboards are extensible on both sides and consist of modular functional units, linked by a busbar, and connected to the substation earth via an earthing bus. The… Read more

Mar 21, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

PIX metal-clad switchboard
Energy and Power

Protective Grounding Requirements

Each region shall implement procedures to ensure the adequacy of protective grounds and shall periodically review grounding practices at each facility to determine the proper size, length, and number (if… Read more

Mar 19, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Personal Protective Ground Cable Assembly
Environment

Please, help brave Japan people!

As you already know, Japan is suffering from the greatest disaster since world war 2. A tremendous earthquake, a huge tsunami and now radiation leaks have caused untold damage in… Read more

Mar 18, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Please help Japan people
Transformers

Current transformers (CTs) in a few words

A current transformer is defined as as an instrument transformer in which the secondary current is substantially proportional to the primary current (under normal conditions of operation) and differs in… Read more

Mar 18, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Cross-sectional view of the panel and multifunctional CT
Low Voltage

Surge protection of cells and inverter – DC side

Providing power with photovoltaic solar panels is tremendously interesting in the context of renewable energy sources, as regards economical LV photovoltaic systems connected to the public electricity network. Because of… Read more

Mar 17, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Surge protection of cells and inverter - DC side
Biomass Energy

Benefits of biomass energy

Biomass in the form of fuelwood was perhaps the first energy source used by human beings and was the main fuel till the industrial revolution, after which fossil fuels like… Read more

Mar 16, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Benefits of biomass energy
Electric Motor

Induction machines – historical touch

Faraday discovered the electromagnetic induction law around 1831 and Maxwell formulated the laws of electricity (or Maxwell’s equations) around 1860. The knowledge was ripe for the invention of the induction… Read more

Mar 15, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Induction machines
Wind Power

Offshore Wind

As on land, offshore wind developers have to ensure that their turbines and transmission infrastructure do not interfere with marine life and ecosystems. National regulations ensure that project developers assess… Read more

Mar 14, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Offshore Wind
Transformers

How to choose transformer rating?

When an installation is to be supplied directly from a MV/LV transformer and the maximum apparent-power loading of the installation has been determined, a suitable rating for the transformer can… Read more

Mar 12, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Energy and Power

Tesla’s death, New York Times 1943

Tesla died alone in the hotel New Yorker of heart failure, some time between the evening of January 5 and the morning of January 8, 1943. Despite selling his AC… Read more

Mar 11, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Tesla's death, New York Times 1943
Energy and Power

How circuit breaker trip unit works?

In addition to providing a means to open and close its contacts manually, a circuit breaker must automatically open its contacts when an overcurrent condition is sensed. The trip unit… Read more

Mar 10, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

How circuit breaker trip unit works?
Energy and Power

Calculating lightning strike distance

Return stroke current magnitude and strike distance (length of the last stepped leader) are interrelated. A number of equations have been proposed for determining the striking distance. The principal ones… Read more

Mar 09, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Calculating lightning strike distance
Metering

D’Arsonval Meter Movement

The most commonly used sensing mechanism used in DC ammeters, voltmeters, and ohm meters is a current-sensing device called a D’Arsonval meter movement (Figure 1). The D’Arsonval movement is a… Read more

Mar 08, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi

Figure 1 - D’Arsonval Meter Movement


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