Power plant auxiliary system is usually pretty complicated and consists of dozen of motors, transformers, capacitor banks, variable frequency drives, PLCs, and other electrical devices. Therefore, protection relaying cannot be… Read more
Communication networks are an integral part of interconnected transmission lines in a power grid, analogous to the spinal cord for control signal and information exchange among substations, data hubs, and…...
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Let me put the definition of switchgear type tests this way. A switchgear MUST withstand voltage in normal and abnormal conditions and to carry varying load currents during its lifetime…....
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The cost of a standby power system for a business can be pretty high, so it’s essential to weigh all of your options before committing to a piece of equipment…. Read more
Advancement in technology is not something unheard of and metaphorically, it has this unique tendency of replicating the pattern of biological evolution. The design and operation of power substations follow…...
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This technical article continues with the switchyard design series by studying the case of the 220/33 kV 200 MW wind farm switchyard in which the design steps are put into... Read more
Prevention is better than cure, we all know this, and this is true not only for people, but also for the health of your electrical and electronic components and equipment…. Read more
It would not be wrong to say that humanity has never consumed so much electricity, and to make the paradox bigger, there is still a lack of energy. The sharp…...
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When specifying generators, the first thing that comes to mind is a rating. The machine’s rating is a set of parameters that, simply speaking in engineering terms, describe the generator…. Read more
The step-down substations make up for more than 80% of total grid substations and are the focal point of sub-transmission and distribution systems. Usually, HV substations within the power transmission…...
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Substation design is a very complex process that involves many professional engineers in many different areas. However, there are always few people who are leading the whole design process both... Read more
This technical article explains various aspects of the application of medium voltage switchgear and highlights the considerations for the selection of suitable circuit breakers for different applications. Medium voltage switchgear,…...
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One of the ways to mitigate a successive transfer of power in case of loss of supply, power outage, or scheduled maintenance is the use of a transfer switch. The…...
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Tripping circuit breakers and operating alarms in control and protection applications usually require more than one relay contact. Tripping relays are used to multiply the number of contacts available, provide… Read more
Lockouts and auto-reclosures are apprentices of power systems protection that have long served to regulate power supply and safeguard important components from probable catastrophes. But are we taking them seriously…...
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This technical article/guide requires a Premium Membership. You can choose an annually based Plus, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers. With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields. Check out each plan’s benefits and choose the membership plan that works best for you or your organization. Limited time offer! - Get 15% discount on Pro Membership Plan with code SX79 Log In »Register »
Despite there being many tests available to evaluate power transformer condition, experience shows that visual inspection is very effective, and sometimes the only way, to detect certain power transformer problems…. Read more
Due to the large increases in planned capital funds for the electrical grid industry, it is vital to monitor and control the substation construction resources expended. This paper provides substation… Read more
This paper looks at the key issues and requirements for Ethernet in the substation environment and for substation automation applications requiring real-time performance. Trends in electric utility automation, specifically substation… Read more
Short-circuit current rating (SCCR) is the maximum short-circuit current a component or assembly can safely withstand when protected by a specific overcurrent protective device(s) or for a specified time. Short-circuit… Read more
In order to ensure best performance and reliability of a control system, an adequate electrical ground network must be installed. Poor or faulty grounds are among the most common causes…...
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This technical article/guide requires a Premium Membership. You can choose an annually based Plus, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers. With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields. Check out each plan’s benefits and choose the membership plan that works best for you or your organization. Limited time offer! - Get 15% discount on Pro Membership Plan with code SX79 Log In »Register »
This manual covers the requirements for the installation of gas insulated switchgear. The manual is based on the following documents: customers contract, approved drawings, latest revision and approved installation processes…...
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This technical article/guide requires a Premium Membership. You can choose an annually based Plus, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers. With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields. Check out each plan’s benefits and choose the membership plan that works best for you or your organization. Limited time offer! - Get 15% discount on Pro Membership Plan with code SX79 Log In »Register »
In order to design the line there are few important elements to define: voltage drop, the load, sizing the cable, ampacity, and cable temperature. The load is based on the…...
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Development of Extra High Voltage (EHV) AC transmission started its development since the end of the WW2, with the installation of 345 kV in North America and 400 kV in…...
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This technical article/guide requires a Premium Membership. You can choose an annually based Plus, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers. With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields. Check out each plan’s benefits and choose the membership plan that works best for you or your organization. Limited time offer! - Get 15% discount on Pro Membership Plan with code SX79 Log In »Register »
This paper presents some general procedures for the proper inspection, testing, and start-up of critical, but often overlooked, electrical items in substations and medium voltage switchgear commonly found in petrochemical…...
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General Engineering Guides
Becoming the good electrical engineer requires a lot of passion, training and commitment. This comprehensive section is prepared as a resource for individuals and professionals interested in the electrical engineering career path.
In this section you will find very usefull books and guides related to electrical science in general, AC/DC electrical circuits, network protection, electrical installations, lighting etc.
Substation engineers nowdays are involved in projects from design and conceptualization to maintenance. Because of the wide range of industries using electrical engineers, many engineers specialize in some of the sub-discipline of electrical engineering.
Depending on background and expertise, projects can include systems such as energy transmission and distribution, protection and control etc.
This section is dedicated to tools every electrical engineer can use in daily work. These spreadsheets developed by enthusiasts will make your job much more easier, alowing you to shorten the time used for endless calculations of power cables, voltage drop, power factor, circuit breakers, capacitors, cable size, power transformers etc.
Just to mention that all calculation spreadsheets are FREE for download!