Cables
The Good, The Bad and The Ugly Cable Insulation
The fundamental understanding of cable insulation properties forms the foundation for assessment of cable operability. These same fundamentals provide the basis for evaluating whether various electrical and physical tests and measurements are meaningful, cost-effective, and warranted. They are a basis… Read more
Oct 23, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Cables
Cable engineering in substations and power plants
Is it true that single core cable should be unarmored because eddy currents are induced in armor of single core cable which will cause additional losses? If true then why not three core cables also unarmored and why single core… Read more
Oct 22, 2012 | By Asif Eqbal
Electric Motor
Few Words About Three-Phase Alternator
The three-phase alternator, as the name implies, has three single-phase windings spaced such that the voltage induced in any one phase is displaced by 120º from the other two. A schematic diagram of a three-phase stator showing all the coils… Read more
Oct 20, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Testing and Commissioning of Current Transformer
This technical article is prepared to help the commissioning personnel effectively perform and carry out the testing and commissioning tasks on current transformers before taking the equipment to service condition. General testing procedures for the current transformers (CTs) described in… Read more
Oct 19, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Transformers
Definitions of Voltage Transformer Parameters
Rated voltage factor Rated primary voltage (Up) Rated secondary voltage Accuracy power Accuracy class Voltage ratio error Phase or phase displacement error Rated thermal limiting output The voltage transformer must comply with the network specifications, this is essential. As with… Read more
Oct 18, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
Gas-Insulated Transmission Line (GIL) System Design
GIL systems are based on the successful SF6 tubular conductor technology, which has been around for several decades. GIL consist of a central aluminum conductor with a typical electrical cross section of up to 5,300 mm2. The conductor rests on… Read more
Oct 17, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Simplify Downstream Installation with Cascading
Cascading provides circuit breakers placed downstream of a limiting circuit breaker with an enhanced breaking capacity. The limiting circuit breaker helps the circuit breaker placed downstream by limiting high short-circuit currents. Cascading makes it possible to use a circuit-breaker with… Read more
Oct 16, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Transformers
Heating of the Dry-type Transformer
Although transformers can be classified by core construction (shell or core type), the more functional types of standardized classifications are based on how the transformer is designed for its specific application, and how the heat created by its losses is… Read more
Oct 15, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Lighting
Difference Between Diffuse and Directed Light
Having dealt with light quantity, conside-ration must be given to the quality of light, the difference between diffuse light and directed light being one of the most important aspects. We are familiar with these different forms of light through our… Read more
Oct 13, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
NEC Requirements for Emergency Systems
Emergency systems are generally installed in buildings that are or can be occupied by 1000 or more persons or are more than 75 ft high. These are buildings where artificial illumination is required for safe exiting and for panic control…. Read more
Oct 12, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Switching Impulse Test of the Transformer
The switching impulse test is applied to confirm the withstand of the transformer’s insulation against excessive voltages occurring during switching. During the switching impulse voltage test, the insulation between windings and between winding and earth and withstand between different terminals… Read more
Oct 11, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Safety Clearance Recommendations for Electrical Panel
Working Space around Indoor Panel/Circuit Board (NES 312.2) Clearance around an Indoor electrical panel (NEC 110.26) Clearance for Conductor Entering in Panel (NES 408.5) Clearance between Bare Metal Busbar in Panel (NES 408.5) Clearance of Outdoor electrical panel to Fence/Wall… Read more
Oct 10, 2012 | By Jignesh Parmar
Energy and Power
Fire-Fighting Precautions in Power Substation
The layout of the plant and the design of the building play a major part in reducing the spread of fire and the effect of explosions. For example, equipment and buildings should be arranged to have vents which rupture rather… Read more
Oct 09, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Overcurrent protection of transformer (NEC 450.3)
The overcurrent protection required for transformers is consider for Protection of Transformer only. Such overcurrent protection will not necessarily protect the primary or secondary conductors or equipment connected on the secondary side of the transformer. Introduction Overcurrent protection of transformers… Read more
Oct 08, 2012 | By Jignesh Parmar
Energy and Power
Disturbances In LV Networks Due To Surges
There are two types of surge: those generated by a lightning impact and those resulting from electrical switchgear switching operations. Surges resulting from lightning strokes (see figure below) can affect all electrical installations. Consequently, they are without doubt the main… Read more
Oct 06, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
