Power Substation
Eight typical transformer protection schemes with correctly selected relays
This technical article shows application hints for typical transformer protection schemes where SIPROTEC 4 relays are used. Some of applications are small and large transformer infeed, dual infeed with single transformer, parallel incoming transformer feeders, and others like parallel incoming… Read more
May 31, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
Generation of high voltages in the lab (AC/DC, switching and lightning impulse)
Benjamin Franklin – The man who dared to fly his kite in a thunder storm! In this technical article laboratory tests and test equipment needed to assess the performance of insulating materials and equipment are discussed. Laboratory testing attempts to… Read more
May 29, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
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Generator stability and what happens when it’s out of step
Generators can really be described as the reason for being a power station. The operation of the turbine-generator system is second in criticality only to the operation of the nuclear reactor and the associated HP steam systems. The fundamental principles…...
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May 27, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Recommended maintenance practice for electric motors and generators
Motors are inherently highly reliable, requiring little routine maintenance. This remains true for most duties but may not be so where environmental conditions are aggressive, the starting duty is onerous, or high structural vibration is present. Maintenance practice recommendations for… Read more
May 25, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Selecting the suitable frequency converter and motor for these 3 applications
The motor is selected according to the basic information about the process. Speed range, torque curves, ventilation method and motor loadability give guidelines for motor selection. Often it is worth comparing different motors because the selected motor affects the size… Read more
May 24, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
4 medium voltage switching equipment for primary substation installations
This technical article covers the medium voltage switching equipment intended mainly for primary substation installations. The target is to give some basic knowledge and difference between four main piece of MV switching equipment, especially in the view of distribution automation… Read more
May 22, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Troubleshooting of a telemetry system (from RTU to the SCADA computer facilities)
This technical article reviews certain methodologies that may be followed for effective troubleshooting of a telemetry system from the digital or analog field input/output at the RTU to the computer facilities at the central site. Basic troubleshooting of the various… Read more
May 19, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
How to calculate number of steps & reactive power of the capacitor banks
Depending on the size of a compensation unit, it is assembled with capacitors of equal size (in bigger units) or of different size. A unit with a total reactive power of, for example, 300 kvar consists of six power capacitors,… Read more
May 17, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Auto-reclose schemes for re-energising the line after a fault trip
Faults on overhead lines fall into one of three categories: transient, semi-permanent and permanent. 80-90% of faults on any overhead line network are transient in nature. The remaining 10%-20% of faults are either semi-permanent or permanent. Transient faults are commonly… Read more
May 15, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Current sensors as the eyes of RCD and tips for their correct installation
All residual current devices are made up of at least two components. First component act as the eyes of RCD – sensors – must be able to supply an electrical signal which is useful when the sum of the currents flowing… Read more
May 12, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
How to recognize harmonics symptoms – What to look for and where to look?
Finding harmonics problem is relatively easy once you know what to look for and where to look. Harmonics symptoms are usually anything but subtle. This technical article provides some basic pointers on how to recognize problems with harmonics in power… Read more
May 10, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Cables
Sizing calculations for 20/3.3 kV, 12.5 MVA transformer feeder cable
Typical calculations for a 20kV transformer feeder cable are presented below. After correct cable voltage classification the following considerations apply: Current carrying capacity Short circuit rating Voltage drop Earth loop impedance Consider a 20/3.3 kV, 12.5 MVA transformer to be… Read more
May 08, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Dangerous magnetic field exposure near transformer substation in the building
Transformer substations located close to the living areas could induce high long-term exposures to extremely low frequency magnetic fields of nearby inhabitants. Some of the researches have shown increased risk to childhood leukemia associated with the long term exposure to… Read more
May 05, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
The attached rod technique – better than fall-of-potential ground testing method
Fall-of-potential testing is extremely reliable, highly accurate, conforms to IEEE 81 and gives the operator complete control over the set-up. Unfortunately, it is exceedingly time consuming and labor intensive, and requires that the individual ground electrodes be disconnected from the… Read more
May 03, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Protection of capacitor banks by fuses during energization and operation
Stress specific to the protection of capacitor banks by fuses, which is addressed in IEC 60549, can be divided into two types: Stress during bank energization (the inrush current, which is very high, can cause the fuses to age or blow) and Stress… Read more
May 01, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
