Eight most important distance relay characteristics (based on impedance comparison)

Some numerical relays measure the absolute fault impedance and then determine whether operation is required according to impedance boundaries defined on the R/X diagram. Traditional distance relays and numerical relays… Read more

Oct 31, 2018 | Edvard

4 essential ground-fault protective schemes you should know about

While ground-fault protective schemes may be elaborately developed, depending on the ingenuity of the relaying engineer, nearly all schemes in common practice are based on one or more of the… Read more

Oct 29, 2018 | Edvard

4 special capacitor applications in EHV systems you should know about

There are many other applications in the industry where capacitors are used for power factor correction or energy storage purposes. These include arc furnaces, resistance welding equipment, single-phase capacitor start,…...

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Oct 26, 2018 | Edvard

Automatic bus transfer scheme in thermal and nuclear power stations

In order to ensure uninterrupted supply to connected loads in thermal and nuclear power stations, two types of automatic supply transfer schemes are normally used: automatic bus transfer scheme and… Read more

Oct 24, 2018 | Edvard

Biased-differential protection theory and application

The term biased-differential or percentage differential is based on the fact that the operating threshold increases with the through current. Because of that, comparison of upstream and downstream currents in… Read more

Oct 22, 2018 | Edvard

4 Crucial Switching Functions Of a MV Circuit Breaker (Facts You MUST Know)

The demands made on MV power systems, irrespective of the place of use of the circuit breakers, vary widely in nature. All these functions cannot obviously be performed with the… Read more

Oct 17, 2018 | Edvard

4 important factors related to proper application of a LV circuit breaker

Consideration of all the factors related to proper application of a low-voltage circuit breaker goes beyond voltage, current, and interrupting rating. The performance of a specific type of circuit breaker… Read more

Oct 15, 2018 | Edvard

The essentials of LV/MV/HV substation bus overcurrent and differential protection

The substation bus and switchgear are the parts of the power system used to direct the flow of power to various feeders and to isolate apparatus and circuits from the… Read more

Oct 10, 2018 | Edvard

Standard tripping schemes and trip circuit supervision schemes for MV switchgear

Medium voltage switchgears are used for switching medium voltage loads through associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment. This operation also involves considerable manual intervention which therefore necessitates the fulfilment… Read more

Oct 08, 2018 | Edvard

7 essential functions of a digital substation automation system (SAS)

As you already know, every power substation consists of a group of HV devices whose individual sizes depend on substation operation voltages, which is called the primary equipment, as well…...

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This content is available for Premium members only. Get access to premium HV/MV/LV technical articles, electrical engineering guides and research studies.
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Oct 05, 2018 | Edvard

Short circuit phenomenon you should understand

A short circuit in an electrical circuit is a part of the circuit that for some reasons has become “shorter” than it should be. The current in an electrical circuit… Read more

Oct 03, 2018 | Edvard

Coordination analysis for a typical 13 kV distribution feeder of several lines

A typical 13 kV feeder of several lines at a distribution substation is shown in Figure 1. This is supplied from a 115 kV line through a 15/20/25 MVA transformer… Read more

Oct 01, 2018 | Edvard