Power Substation
Four ways of ensuring proper selectivity in MV/HV electrical network protection
Selectivity study of a power system is usually considered as an advanced job for advanced engineers, mostly relay protection engineers. This article will try to get close to a few important selectivity principles in a simple manner. It’s important to… Read more
Jan 04, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
The facts about numerical relays that every electrical engineer should know
The first protection devices based on microprocessors were employed in 1985. The widespread acceptance of numerical technology by the customer and the experiences of the user helped in developing the second generation numerical relays in 1990. Modem power system protection… Read more
Dec 23, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
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Mastering switchgear control circuits: trip, BCPU and alarm, indication, and interlock circuits
In the previous article, an introductory part of the switchgear control circuits, including DC/AC circuits and breaker closing circuit, was discussed thoroughly. This article continues the discussion with a breaker trip circuit, bay control-protection unit (BCPU) & alarm circuit, indication…...
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Dec 14, 2020 | By Salem Alshahrani
Medium Voltage
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Mastering switchgear control circuits – AC/DC circuits and circuit breaker closing circuit
Control circuits are vital to the operation of medium voltage switchgear. The integrity of these control circuits is essential to the switchgear’s proper operation, so commissioning and maintenance activities records are extremely important for troubleshooting practices. Furthermore, one has to…...
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Nov 30, 2020 | By Salem Alshahrani
Medium Voltage
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Learn how to draft the layout and arrangement drawing of 33/11 kV distribution substation
Medium voltage substations fall within the sub-transmission power system category, which feeds the bulk consumers directly or facilitates the secondary and tertiary distribution to small industrial and household consumers over an area after a suitable stepping down of voltage. Because…...
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Nov 17, 2020 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Power Substation
Improving the cybersecurity of substations using intrusion detection
Multiple layers are necessary to ensure the cybersecurity of substations. Cryptography allows authentication of devices, but not all attacks can be prevented with these measures. Firewalls and “air gaps” can be circumvented through existing remote access tunnels, or through maintenance… Read more
Nov 16, 2020 | By Andreas Klien
High Voltage
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Testing and commissioning of MV/HV switchgear (wiring, final inspection and checks)
This article continues the series of articles dedicated to the erection, testing and commissioning of MV/HV switchgear by describing the most important precautions and recommendations in various procedures and steps. Starting from the wiring of low voltage command and signal…...
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Oct 28, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
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Guide to erection and commissioning of MV/HV switchgear (Inspection, installation and assembly)
Erection and commissioning of MV/HV switchgear are quite complex and full of tiny little details that can easily make your project slow down or even stop. Not to mention deadlines and penalties which are hanging over everybody’s heads involved in…...
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Oct 26, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The facts about switchyards, incoming and outgoing feeder connections, CTs and VTs
What do you need to know about designing a switchyard? Well, to simplify, you need a lot and it’s not that simple. Switchyards need to be designed with respect to the foreseeable voltage stress, switching, breaking and short-circuit withstand capability,… Read more
Oct 21, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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13 terms concerning relaying, measurements, and breakers used by protection engineers
It’s not unusual to see graduates and engineers from other disciplines experience difficulties in properly interpreting the terminology used in applying relays, analyzing their performance, and designing protection systems. Actually, this is normal, but during the project, this lack makes…...
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Oct 07, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Hints on installation and commissioning power transformers (experience and recommendations)
Purchasing a power transformer for a project is always challenging for every electrical engineer dealing with the procurement. You could omit dozens of possible details from the final specification and get crucified by the company management if you accidentally forget…...
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Sep 28, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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How to convert an old substation into a digital substation?
Typically, substations comprise power elements like power transformers, switches, busbars, etc. and control elements like protection units, metering units, RTUs, SCADA, etc. While the power elements are mandatory requirements, the control elements vary as per the function of a substation…...
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Sep 07, 2020 | By Bishal Lamichhane
High Voltage
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Substation and switchyard support structures for electrical equipment (you SHOULD know)
Substation and switchyard structures are used to support the above-grade components and electrical equipment such as cable bus, rigid bus, and strain bus conductors, switches, surge arresters, insulators, and other equipment. Substation and switchyard structures can be fabricated from latticed…...
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Aug 26, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Earth fault protection in a solidly (effectively) earthed high voltage power systems
The fault statistic shows that earth faults are the dominating fault type and therefore the earth fault protection is of main importance in a network. The type of earth fault protection used is dependent of the system earthing principle used…. Read more
Aug 24, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Metering
How to make the right selection of a digital transducer for power system measurements
The accurate measurement of the voltage, current or other parameter of a power system is a prerequisite to any form of control, ranging from automatic closed-loop control to the recording of data for statistical purposes. Measurement of these parameters can… Read more
Aug 19, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
