Power Substation
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Substation Equipment: From Type Testing to Factory and Site Acceptance Testing (FAT, SAT)
In power systems, reliability is not achieved by design alone. It is established through a structured process of verification, validation, inspection, and testing carried out at different stages of the equipment lifecycle. Whether the equipment is a power transformer, switchgear…...
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Mar 23, 2026 | By Muhammad Kashif
Energy and Power
Four Essential Engineering Studies for Selecting Overhead Conductors in Substations
Overhead conductors are widely used in electrical substations to interconnect primary equipment such as circuit breakers, disconnectors, current transformers, and busbars. Although these conductors often span relatively short distances compared to transmission lines, their selection remains a critical engineering task…. Read more
Mar 16, 2026 | By Thiseas Violantis
Energy Generation
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Connecting a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) to the Grid: Design Issues and Warnings
Energy resources are the backbone of every country in the world. As we are currently witnessing the beginning of the world’s biggest energy crisis in the last 80 years, I believe that every country is now reviewing its energy capacities…...
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Mar 09, 2026 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
The Most Important Post-Installation Tests of a Gas-Insulated Substation (GIS)
This technical article explains some of the recommended and most important tests that MUST be performed on the Gas-Insulated Substation after the installation. Such tests are visual inspections, testing for control of cables, bus leakage and gas quality checks, main… Read more
Mar 02, 2026 | By Edvard Csanyi
Maintenance
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Substation Maintenance Transition Toward Clever Data-driven Asset Management
This article explores the complete spectrum of substation maintenance philosophies from Corrective and Preventive Maintenance to Predictive, Condition-Based, and ultimately Risk-Based Maintenance (RBM). It explains how each approach evolved, where it fits within modern substations, and how utilities can transition…...
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Feb 23, 2026 | By Muhammad Kashif
Power Substation
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Field practice in moving from an old SCADA-based to a modern substation automation system (SAS)
This article gives a systematic and pragmatic look into Substation Automation Systems, dealing with the constraints of traditional (now old) SCADA-based substations and advancing to modern SAS systems. We’ll discuss the strong arguments and field practice in moving from hardwired automation,…...
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Feb 09, 2026 | By Muhammad Kashif
Electrical Lectures
Hands on schemes: Mechanical and electrical interlocking of feeders (to prevent parallel operation)
An industrial load with a connected load need above 2000 kVA usually requires multiple feeding transformers to restrict the system’s fault level. The fault level of an electrical network indicates the supply source’s capacity to withstand a faulty circuit, expressed… Read more
Feb 02, 2026 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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Facing “As Built” substation drawings that barely match construction drawings
Have you experienced “As Built” substation drawings that significantly differ from the original documents provided by the engineer for construction? Diverse factors cause these modifications in the field. However, in almost all instances, modifications to the design in the field…...
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Jan 26, 2026 | By Edvard Csanyi
Maintenance
A Case Study of Substation Temperature Monitoring System
The pilot project of installation the temperature monitoring system (researched, developed and manufactured by VTI) deployed at critical substations on the power system managed and operated by Vinh Phuc Power Company (a member of Northern Power Corporation – EVNNPC) in… Read more
Jan 05, 2026 | By Group of Authors
Power Substation
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Installation Precautions for Substation Secondary Equipment
The design of the high-voltage substation must include consideration for the safe operation and maintenance of the secondary equipment. The substation secondary systems are those systems which provide the functionality necessary to ensure safety of personnel engaged in operation of…...
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Dec 29, 2025 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Interesting Facts About the Eight Most Common Distribution Network Faults
There are numerous possible reasons for electrical power to go out. This story presents the interesting facts about the eight most common faults in the MV and LV distribution systems, which include vehicles hitting poles, trees touching or falling on… Read more
Dec 22, 2025 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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The Rise of Harmonic Distortion in Modern Power Systems
Modern power systems are undergoing a profound transformation. The rise of harmonic distortion is becoming a huge problem. The traditional grid once dominated by large synchronous generators and linear loads—has evolved into a complex, inverter-rich network driven by renewable generation,…...
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Dec 15, 2025 | By Muhammad Kashif
Energy and Power
A Practical Guide to the Operation of Ring Main Units
Ring Main Units are compact modules that are gas-insulated and sealed, comprising main switching devices and ancillary components to ensure continuous secondary power distribution. The precise arrangement and configuration of components always depend on the particular application and loading conditions…. Read more
Dec 08, 2025 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Five Construction Issues That Do Not Follow the Engineering Design (And Why They Matter)
High-voltage substations—especially modern AIS/GIS installations up to 400 kV—are engineered with extreme precision. Every cable, conductor, grounding conductor, insulator, and steel structure is designed according to exact assumptions: soil models, thermal limits, mechanical forces, environmental conditions, lightning protection angles, and…...
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Dec 01, 2025 | By Thiseas Violantis
Energy and Power
Best Practice for the Installation of HV Gas Insulated Bus Duct
The gas insulated bus duct is used within the GIS bay to interconnect the bus duct from bay to bay or to connect external connections from the GIS bay to overhead lines and transformers. There are two principles of bus… Read more
Nov 24, 2025 | By Edvard Csanyi
