Power Substation
Why Community Acceptance Is Important for Planning, Design and Construction of Substation?
Community acceptance generally encompasses the planning, design, and construction phases of a substation as well as the in-service operation of the substation. It takes into account those issues that could influence a community’s willingness to accept building a substation at… Read more
Sep 30, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Do Your Substation Devices Speak IEC 61850? They Should, It’s Time.
Since being published in 2004, the IEC 61850 communication standard has gained more and more relevance in the field of substation automation. It provides an effective response to the needs of the open, deregulated energy market, which requires both reliable… Read more
Sep 27, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Determining the soil resistivity to design a good substation grounding system
It is essential to determine the soil resistivity and maximum grid currents to design a substation grounding system. The touch and step voltages are directly proportional to these values. Overly conservative values of soil resistivity and grid current will increase… Read more
Sep 04, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Total Losses in Power Distribution and Transmission Lines
This technical article discusses two types of transmission and distribution losses, technical losses and non-technical losses (or commercial losses). Power generated in power stations pass through large and complex networks like transformers, overhead lines, cables and other equipment and reaches… Read more
Aug 19, 2013 | By Jignesh Parmar
Power Substation
Where do the strongest electric and magnetic fields come from in a power substation?
Electric substations produce electric and magnetic fields. In a substation, the strongest fields around the perimeter fence come from the transmission and distribution lines entering and leaving the substation. The strength of fields from equipment inside the fence decreases rapidly… Read more
Aug 05, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Calculation Example of Small Photovoltaic (PV) Residential Stand-Alone System
– Array Size: 10, 12-volt, 51-watt modules; Isc= 3.25 amps, Voc= 20.7 volts – Batteries: 800 amp-hours at 12 volts – Loads: 5 amps DC and 500-watt inverterwith 90% efficiency. The PV modules are mounted on the roof. Single-conductor cables… Read more
Jul 12, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Industrial Automation
Requirements and Functions of Substation Automation
Substation automation is the cutting edge technology in electrical engineering. It means having an intelligent, interactive power distribution network including : Increased performance and reliability of electrical protection. Advanced disturbance and event recording capabilities, aiding in detailed electrical fault analysis…. Read more
May 17, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
How to Determine Correct Number of Earthing Electrodes (Strips, Plates and Pipes) – part 2
Continued from first part: How to Determine Correct Number of Earthing Electrodes (Strips, Plates and Pipes) – part 1 The Earth Resistance of Single Plate electrode is calculated as per IS 3040: R=ρ/A√(3.14/A) Where: ρ = Resistivity of Soil (Ω… Read more
May 13, 2013 | By Jignesh Parmar
Power Substation
Responding to Cyber Intrusion in SCADA System
Continued from technical article: Detecting Cyber Intrusion in SCADA System The “three R’s” of the response to cyber intrusion are: Recording, Reporting, and Restoring. Theoretically, it would be desirable to record all data communications into and out of all substation… Read more
Apr 08, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Detecting Cyber Intrusion in SCADA System
One of the axioms of cyber security is that although it is extremely important to try to prevent intrusions into one’s systems and databases, it is essential that intrusions be detected if they do occur. One of the axioms of… Read more
Apr 06, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
How to Determine Correct Number of Earthing Electrodes (Strips, Plates and Pipes) – part 1
Earthing Resistance and the number of earthing electrodes are both dependent on the resistivity of the soil as well as the amount of time it takes for fault current to pass through (one second or three seconds). The number of… Read more
Apr 05, 2013 | By Jignesh Parmar
Power Substation
Active fire protection measures in power substation
Active fire protection measures are automatic fire protection measures that warn occupants of the existence of fire, and extinguish or control the fire. These measures are designed to automatically extinguish or control a fire at its earliest stage, without risking… Read more
Apr 01, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
Things You Should Know About Medium Voltage GIS
Environmental Concerns Safety Concerns Special Handling Procedures Installation Concerns Operation and Maintenance Concerns End of Life / Recycling Concerns Conclusion Medium voltage (5-38 kV) gas insulated switchgear (GIS) differs greatly from the medium voltage AIS – Air insulated switchgear commonly… Read more
Feb 20, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Types and Applications Of Overcurrent Relay
Distribution systems are susceptible to overcurrent flow within its components. Overcurrent may arise from abnormal system conditions, including overloads and short-circuit failures, or from typical system conditions, such as transformer inrush current and motor initiation. Consequently, under typical system conditions,… Read more
Feb 01, 2013 | By Jignesh Parmar
High Voltage
High Voltage Substations Overview (part 2)
Continued from first part: High Voltage Substations Overview (part 1) Transformers are used for the transformation of high and medium voltage to low voltage, flanked by specific protective devices and control systems, which constitute the low voltage distribution substations. A… Read more
Jan 26, 2013 | By Emmanouil Angeladas
