Protection
Ground faults in ungrounded systems (risks & detection)
Ungrounded systems are power systems with no intentionally applied grounding. However, they are grounded by the natural capacitance of the system to ground. Thus, the fault current level is very low, such that equipment damage is minimal. It is not… Read more
Nov 05, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Eight most important distance relay characteristics (based on impedance comparison)
Some numerical relays measure the absolute fault impedance and then determine whether operation is required according to impedance boundaries defined on the R/X diagram. Traditional distance relays and numerical relays that emulate the impedance elements of traditional relays do not… Read more
Oct 31, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Premium Content
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Four special capacitor applications in EHV systems you should know about
There are many other applications in the industry where capacitors are used for power factor correction or energy storage purposes. These include arc furnaces, resistance welding equipment, single-phase capacitor start, capacitor run motors, lighting applications and special applications of capacitors…...
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Oct 26, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Short circuit phenomenon you should properly understand
A short circuit in an electrical circuit is a part of the circuit that for some reasons has become “shorter” than it should be. The current in an electrical circuit flows the easiest way and if two points in a… Read more
Oct 03, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Relay settings and applying high-impedance differential busbar protection scheme
Most of HV busbar faults involve single-phase and earth, but faults may arise from many different causes. The number of faults that stand out is between phases clear of earth. In fact, a large proportion of busbar faults result from… Read more
Sep 12, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The essentials of electrical distribution systems every engineer should know
Electrical distribution systems are an essential part of the electrical power system. In order to transfer electrical power from an alternating current (AC) or a direct current (DC) source to the place where it will be used, some type of… Read more
Sep 03, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Single phase and three phase capacitive-load switching in transmission & distribution systems
The interruption of capacitive currents is a usual switching case, unlike the making and breaking of fault currents. The usual cases, in which a capacitive current is switched, are switching of unloaded overhead transmission lines, local substation components, cables, capacitor…...
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Aug 30, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The four most common switchgear-based substation types
The subject of this article is to discuss few most common types of MV/HV power substations based on the type of distribution switchgear, which can be seen in every distribution network. There are a number of methods of construction of… Read more
Aug 29, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The zone selective interlocking logic of protection relays
This function significantly reduces the tripping time of the circuit breakers closest to the source. It can be used for zone selective interlocking (ZSI) in closed ring networks. It applies to the phase overcurrent 50/51, directional phase overcurrent 67, ground fault… Read more
Aug 27, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
The fundamentals of protection relay co-ordination and time/current grading principles
Transmission and distribution systems are exposed to overcurrent flow into their elements. In an electric power system, overcurrent or excess current is a situation where a larger than intended electric current exists through a conductor, leading to excessive generation of… Read more
Aug 13, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The network of data acquisition in a digital substation
The data acquisition in electric power system is very important and includes a lot of areas such as substation. Digital substation is one of the key parts of smart grid and the network of process layer is an important foundation… Read more
Jul 30, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
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Nine topologies of medium voltage ring-main systems you should know about
Power systems are constructed can be operated as radial systems, ring-main systems or meshed systems. This technical article deals with nine most common topologies of ring-main systems, their characteristics and applications. Ring-main systems are common in the medium voltage range…....
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Jul 27, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
Concerns over electromagnetic fields below three-phase high voltage overhead lines
In relation with the increased use of mobile phones during the last decades more concerns about possible harmful effects of electro-magnetic fields to human beings have been expressed. Overhead lines cause both electric and magnetic fields. An important difference between… Read more
Jul 16, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Reasons and duties for switching in power transmission and distribution systems
The purpose of a power system is to transport and distribute the electric energy generated in the power plants to the consumers in a safe and reliable way. Generators take care of the conversion of mechanical energy into electric energy,…...
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Jul 12, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
How Arc suppression reactors (Earth fault neutralisers or Petersen-coils) work?
Arc-suppression reactors are also named earth fault neutralisers or Petersen-coils after W. Petersen who launched the idea of this particular reactor application early in the previous century. In high voltage power systems single-phase earth faults may take place. These may… Read more
Jun 25, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
