IEC and NEMA/IEEE ratings of current transformers (CTs) in medium voltage applications

First, let’s remind ourselves of the basics in a few sentences. That is something you must know. A current transformer (CT) is designed to produce a secondary current which is… Read more

Jan 20, 2020 | Edvard

Four special connections of current transformers in relay protection applications

As you should already know, current transformers are used for metering and relay protection purposes. When we are talking about current transformers used for metering, their performance is of interest… Read more

Dec 02, 2019 | Edvard

Field devices and signals used for LV SCADA operations

At low voltage level, SCADA applications are usually used for process control and monitoring of equipment. Furthermore, incoming circuit breakers or switch disconnectors inside large LV switchboards may also be…...

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Sep 05, 2019 | Miodrag Kokotovic

Have you experienced an incorrectly specified CT that can’t be manufactured?

When a CT manufacturer says that he is unable to manufacture the requested CT, nine times out of ten this is because the CT has been incorrectly specified. To eliminate… Read more

Mar 07, 2018 | Edvard

Top six solutions to achieve a high level of energy efficiency in buildings

Energy efficiency in commercial buildings involves providing a given level of performance, cost, quality, availability, and comfort at a minimal level of energy usage throughout the lifecycle of a given… Read more

Mar 27, 2017 | Edvard

Basic three phase power measurements explained in details

Although single-phase electricity is used to supply common domestic and office electrical appliances, three phase alternating current (a.c.) systems are almost universally used to distribute electrical power and to supply… Read more

Jan 13, 2017 | Edvard

A case study of 110/10 kV substation with centralized protection, automation and control system

Centralized substation protection and control has been attempted in the past based on the available technology. This evolution is now at the intersection of sensing, protection and communication technologies, providing… Read more

Dec 21, 2016 | Edvard

9 rules for correct cabling of the Modbus RS485 communication systems

The cabling of the industrial communication systems (Modbus RS485) is different in some ways from the cabling used for power cabling and the electrician may experience some difficulties if he is not… Read more

Dec 07, 2016 | Edvard

Direct and indirect measurements using CTs and VTs

In order to measure electrical quantities, the measuring instruments must be connected to the lines safely, with maximum simplicity and convenience. Generally, the fundamental parameters to be detected are voltage… Read more

Aug 31, 2016 | Edvard

Basic measuring of resistance, voltage and current using digital multimeter

Digital multimeter has generally replaced the analog-type multimeter as the test device of choice for maintainers because they are easier to read, are often more compact and have greater accuracy…. Read more

Aug 15, 2016 | Edvard

Using digital multimeter for testing the charging system of your car

To be honest with you, this article is about testing the car charging system and it isn’t applicable on new Tesla Model III or new BMW 7-series. As you can… Read more

May 16, 2016 | Edvard

Power Measurement On Four-Wire System Using Wattmeter Methods

A four-wire system is suitable to supply unbalanced, three-phase loads or single phase loads distributed on all three phases of a low voltage installation. When measuring power on a three-phase… Read more

Apr 06, 2016 | Edvard

Guidelines To Metering Challenges and How To Overcome Them

In the course of any metering exercise, there will be challenges that arise – these may occur in planning, specifying, purchasing, installing, or in the maintaining of the metering system. This… Read more

Mar 19, 2016 | Edvard

Measurement of residual currents on a distribution feeder

The measurement of the earth fault or residual currents on a distribution system feeder can be done by the so-called summation connection, where the three current transformers, one in every… Read more

Jan 22, 2016 | Edvard

Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVT) For HV Measurements

Capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) are used on higher voltage levels, starting from 66 kV and upwards. The type of the CVT is always a single-pole one, thus the connection is… Read more

Dec 26, 2015 | Edvard