Integration of IEC 61850 in power plant automation, control, and protection systems

IEC 61850 is much more than a protocol. The general scope of the standard is designed to support the communication of all functions being performed in a substation. Its main… Read more

May 29, 2019 | Edvard

Solving the architectural and reliability puzzle of a protection and control system

This technical article discusses some of the basics of protection and control as successfully used for decades. Majority of these general requirements will have to be retained by new communication-based… Read more

May 27, 2019 | Edvard

The essentials of radial distribution system and its subtransmission circuits

Electric distribution system is all of that part of an electric power system between the bulk power source or sources and the consumers’ service switches. The bulk power sources are… Read more

May 15, 2019 | Edvard

How to make calculation for a distribution substation 10/0.4 kV, 2×1600 kVA

Distribution substations with installed power of 2×1600 kVA are typical example of electrical power supply facilities which can be often seen all around the Europe and wider. By “calculation” of such a substation, it is assumed that...

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May 02, 2019 | Miodrag Kokotovic

The concept of redundancy in the power circuits

Generally speaking, distribution substations should be designed with redundancy allowing a portion of feeders to remain energized if any major component fails or is taken out of service for maintenance…. Read more

May 01, 2019 | Edvard

Internal electrical systems within nuclear power plant stations (power sources)

Electrical systems within a nuclear power plant (NPP) deserve significant design considerations. The availability of on-site as well as off-site power plays a crucial role in nuclear power plant safety… Read more

Apr 29, 2019 | Edvard

Spot network systems for distribution of electric power in downtown areas of cities

The AC secondary network system is the system that has been used for many years to distribute electric power in the high-density, downtown areas of cities, usually in the form… Read more

Apr 24, 2019 | Edvard

Single line diagrams of substations 66/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV (reading & analysis)

This technical article describes single line diagrams of two typical power substations 66/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV and their power flow, principles of incoming lines (incomers) and outgoing lines (feeders),… Read more

Apr 17, 2019 | Edvard

Learn HV substation elements (graphic symbols, basics & connection schemes)

High voltage substations are pretty complex to understand since they have a way too many elements and each element is complex for itself and it depends on many system parameters… Read more

Apr 15, 2019 | Edvard

Minimizing failure impact in distribution systems by allowing faults to clear themselves

Distribution systems are basically insecure – failure of a major component always leads to customer interruptions. So, what can be done? Reliable distribution systems minimize this impact by allowing faults… Read more

Apr 08, 2019 | Edvard