Secondary LV/MV distribution substations in a nutshell (connections and types)

The general method of supplying bulk power to buildings, factories or other complexes is by means of an MV supply, usually at 10 kV, occasionally at 6.6 kV. The installation… Read more

Aug 05, 2020 | Edvard

My practical experience in the electrical protection system of industrial generators

A functional protection system installed, commissioned, and maintained on critical equipment like an industrial generator is of high importance. As such, every protection system must have the ability to: accurately…...

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Aug 03, 2020 | Ezeala Winner

Installation guidelines for MV metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear (IEC 62271-200)

What does it mean ‘metal-enclosed switchgear’? Metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear are generally assembled from type-tested panels. As per IEC 62271-200 metal-enclosed switchgear installations must be designed so that their insulation… Read more

Jul 27, 2020 | Edvard

Control system equipment that supervises, protects and controls the substation operation

The control system equipment in a substation is a vital part that supervises, protects and controls the transmission of electrical power. The increasing complexity in the substations of today, together… Read more

Jul 13, 2020 | Edvard

How to shrink three-phase AC high voltage substation and optimize cost and space

Nowadays, when every cent is essential when building a substation, it is imperative to optimize each HV equipment without compromising functionality. This technical article deals with a few solutions to… Read more

Jul 06, 2020 | Edvard

Principles and schemes of busbar and breaker protection in MV/HV/EHV networks

A busbar protection is a protection to protect busbars at short-circuits and earth-faults. In the “childhood” of electricity no separate protection was used for the busbars. Nearby line protection were… Read more

Jun 24, 2020 | Edvard

Primary rated values for medium voltage switchgear often mixed by engineers

It’s not unusual to see that engineers mix terms of primary ratings. If they are not understood well, yes, it’s possible to mix some of them. But it’s essential to… Read more

Jun 22, 2020 | Edvard

Protection practice recommendations and relay schemes for transformer, bus and breaker failure

Protective relays are most often applied with other protective and auxiliary relays as a system rather than individually. The following basic scheme descriptions apply to electromechanical, static, and microprocessor relay… Read more

Jun 06, 2020 | Edvard

My worst experience in the maintenance and supervision of medium voltage substations

While there are various voltage levels applicable across the globe depending upon the usability, the category of Medium Voltage remains one of the most critical voltage group comprising primary distribution…...

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Jun 01, 2020 | Bishal Lamichhane

Planning and installation of the low voltage switchgear – The devil is in the detail!

To be honest with you, the planning and installation of LV switchgear is a damn complicated job. But you knew that :) There are dozen of detail where you can… Read more

May 24, 2020 | Edvard

Major components of the HVDC converter station (single line diagram explained)

This technical article examines in detail the main equipment of an HVDC converter station and discusses the layout of this equipment within the converter station. The interconnection of HVDC to… Read more

Apr 29, 2020 | Edvard

The essential HV/EHV substation auxiliary facilities you should know about

Nowadays, HV/EHV substations have become pretty complex from the design point of view. Besides the main electrical equipment, which must be designed and selected correctly, there are several auxiliary facilities…...

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Apr 27, 2020 | Edvard

Switching devices you are likely to spot in every medium voltage switchgear

Up to and including 52 kV voltage range is generally referred to as “medium voltage”. This technical article shed some light on a few devices you are likely to spot… Read more

Apr 13, 2020 | Edvard

The essentials of power systems: Relay protection and communication systems

First, I would like to make a note that there are many essentials when we speak about power systems in general. The main relay protection functions (overcurrent, directional, differential, distance,… Read more

Apr 06, 2020 | Edvard

Civil engineering in installation of substation buildings and switchboard rooms

What is the civil engineering of substation? The civil engineering includes a large quantity of information and details for the structural drawings required to design switchgear installations. The structural drawings… Read more

Apr 01, 2020 | Edvard