Power Substation
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Where to start with the design of 132/33 kV substation switchgear and protection systems
The step-down substations make up for more than 80% of total grid substations and are the focal point of sub-transmission and distribution systems. Usually, HV substations within the power transmission grid are assigned with the dual function of switching and…...
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Mar 21, 2022 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Medium Voltage
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Medium voltage switchgear: Important design considerations and applications
This technical article explains various aspects of the application of medium voltage switchgear and highlights the considerations for the selection of suitable circuit breakers for different applications. Medium voltage switchgear, commonly known as MV switchgear, play a significant role in…...
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Mar 14, 2022 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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Learn what is inside a modern ATS panel and how to analyze the circuit diagrams
One of the ways to mitigate a successive transfer of power in case of loss of supply, power outage, or scheduled maintenance is the use of a transfer switch. The transfer switch is an electrical device that transfers power from…...
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Mar 07, 2022 | By Chidubem Asogwa
Power Substation
The essentials of necessary auxiliary relays in tripping and control applications
Tripping circuit breakers and operating alarms in control and protection applications usually require more than one relay contact. Tripping relays are used to multiply the number of contacts available, provide isolation between the source and system operating element and meet… Read more
Feb 28, 2022 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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How to use Lockout Relay (master trip relay) in substation protection and control design
Lockouts and auto-reclosures are apprentices of power systems protection that have long served to regulate power supply and safeguard important components from probable catastrophes. But are we taking them seriously enough? In implementing the lockout features, apart from their placements…...
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Feb 21, 2022 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Medium Voltage
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The most popular wiring schemes and design essences of a Ring Main Unit (RMU)
In terms of operational requirements, it is pretty evident what a customer expects out of a Ring Main Unit – a hassle-free and uninterrupted distribution of power supply to electrical loads from one or more available sources. The onus is…...
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Feb 07, 2022 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Power Substation
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The limit of the substation noise level over which it begins to irritate the community
This article will try to shed some light on the most common noise-related concerns associated with existing substations and provide mitigation methods to address these concerns. The continuous noise created by the operation of power transformers and reactors, as well…...
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Jan 24, 2022 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Design guide to digital control and communication systems in modern substations
The power system has advanced pretty ahead of days when the power supply mechanism was an enigma, and lighting a bulb was the ultimate goal. Along with the advanced power utilization, the modern power supply system demands control and monitoring…...
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Jan 10, 2022 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Power Substation
Differential protection (87R/∆I) applied to bus connected oil-immersed shunt reactors
Differential protection is the most commonly applied protection function for bus-connected oil-immersed shunt reactors. The function offers instantaneous protection for internal phase to phase and phase to ground faults. Internal in this context means faults located in the area between… Read more
Jan 03, 2022 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Eight most damaging overvoltages in industrial systems (root causes and prevention)
Electric insulation in energized systems is continuously under stress. Electric systems are subject to disturbances of many types which unavoidably produce overvoltages. However, the application engineer has at his command many system design principles which will greatly curb the magnitude… Read more
Dec 20, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Guidelines for HV substation designers to properly analyze, size and select equipment
Irrespective of the voltage level and capacity of any substation, the numbers of equipment and their size are usually the major factors in determining the overall capital cost of substations. In this article, we will primarily focus on analytical skills…...
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Dec 13, 2021 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Energy and Power
How to modernize a power system while carrying the cost (examples of existing plant)
Existing power systems are often modernized although there is no expansion involved at the moment. The switchgear may be obsolete, representing a real hazard to the operating personnel and property. The circuit breakers may also have an inadequate interrupting capacity…. Read more
Dec 06, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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On-load tests you MUST perform during the switchgear commissioning process
On-load tests constitute the final activity in the commissioning process of low voltage or medium voltage switchgear. They are carried out immediately after the newly installed equipment is energized from the power system, and they are the definitive tests in…...
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Nov 22, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
Hydropower
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Major steps in designing generation and power evacuation in large hydropower plants
Hydropower plants, one of the major sources of energy in countries with an abundance of water resources, have unique generation and power evacuation characteristics. From mere kilowatts to thousands of megawatts, they come in every shape and size. In this…...
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Nov 15, 2021 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Maintenance
Deterioration of high-voltage equipment foundations often neglected during maintenance
Foundations of high-voltage equipment (breakers, disconnectors, CTs, VTs, etc.) and other elements like transmission towers are often neglected in terms of maintenance and condition monitoring. In the long run, this can cause serious cost problems and power disruption. This technical… Read more
Oct 25, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
