The most common failure modes of electrical equipment in distribution systems
Each piece of electrical equipment on a distribution system has a probability of failing. When first installed, a piece of equipment can fail due to poor manufacturing, damage during shipping, or improper installation. Healthy equipment can fail due to extreme… Read more
May 10, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
Learn how to operate an unknown energized low voltage switchgear (practical experience)
Switchgear is an integral part of the electrical protection system, which is used for isolating the faulty parts as well as de-energizing the downstream equipment during maintenance or any other usages. “Energized” is the term that signifies that the component…...
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Apr 19, 2021 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Learn to successfully analyze single-line, schematic, P&ID, logic, and wiring diagrams
Engineering tasks require a good skill in reading and interpreting information on drawings. Engineering drawings are the industry cornerstone of conveying detailed and precise information on how to construct, troubleshoot, maintain, and operate a system. Basic requirements are needed to…...
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Apr 05, 2021 | By Salem Alshahrani
Learn how to draft the layout of an LV switchgear (sizing, designing equipment, installations)
Low voltage (LV) switchgear is a broad terminology that includes a wide range of equipment like circuit breakers, switches, offload isolators, MCCBs, etc. within the 1 kV rating required to protect the LV system. The most common use of LV…...
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Mar 22, 2021 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Fundamental electrical schemes of connections for supply at generator voltage and higher
This technical article will shed some light on fundamental schemes and arrangements of connections for supply at generator voltage, higher than generated voltage, and a few basic transmission schemes. It is important to note that the choice of the electrical…...
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Mar 08, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
The mystery of nuisance tripping incidents in transformer protection that worry engineers
This technical article deals with transformer failure incidents due to nuisance tripping caused by various design flaws, operational conditions, or improper protection relay settings. The focus is on differential protection and ground protection, as they account for a considerable number…...
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Feb 22, 2021 | By Salem Alshahrani
Troubleshooting Buchholz relay and recommended actions during transformer operation
This technical article provides guidance on the possible causes of Buchholz relay operation and recommends actions following the receipt of a Buchholz surge trip or gas collection alarm. It covers both operational situations and situations that arise during the commissioning… Read more
Feb 15, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
Functional testing of IEC 61850 based Substation Automation Systems
Testing the protection element settings of IEDs and protection schemes are well established practices when testing a Protection, Automation and Control (PAC) system. Tools and methods are available to support standardized and automated protection testing routines. Test plans can be… Read more
Feb 08, 2021 | By Christian B. and Eugenio C. at OMICRON
Sizing of 110V DC charger for MV panels – Auxiliary power supply in power substations
An auxiliary DC power system that consists of a charger, battery bank, DC distribution system, and monitoring system is a critical part of the primary/secondary substation. It is directly associated with the mechanism of fault detection, trip coil operation, remote…...
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Feb 08, 2021 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Recommendations for the successful erection of medium voltage switchgear
Electrical engineers working on project execution know that switchgear erection brings many challenges, no matter the voltage level. The switchgear cannot always be assembled in the factory and shipped to the site as a complete plant, so it is usually…...
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Feb 01, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
Learn how to read and analyze control circuits of MV gas insulated switchgear (GIS)
The single-line diagram example for a double-bus and a single breaker clarifies several concepts that are for the GIS only. It is challenging to comprehend and grasp the control circuits due to the interrelated components and functions that impose additional…...
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Jan 25, 2021 | By Salem Alshahrani
Mastering GIS control circuits: AC/DC auxiliary circuits and circuit breaker closing circuit
A gas-insulated substation (GIS) is usually utilized in high voltage applications in which all conductive parts are encapsulated in sealed cylinders with SF6 as the insulating medium. The air-insulated substation (AIS), on the other hand, has air as an insulating…...
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Jan 11, 2021 | By Salem Alshahrani
Four ways of ensuring proper selectivity in MV/HV electrical network protection
Selectivity study of a power system is usually considered as an advanced job for advanced engineers, mostly relay protection engineers. This article will try to get close to a few important selectivity principles in a simple manner. It’s important to… Read more
Jan 04, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
The facts about numerical relays that every electrical engineer should know
The first protection devices based on microprocessors were employed in 1985. The widespread acceptance of numerical technology by the customer and the experiences of the user helped in developing the second generation numerical relays in 1990. Modem power system protection… Read more
Dec 23, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Mastering switchgear control circuits: trip, BCPU and alarm, indication, and interlock circuits
In the previous article, an introductory part of the switchgear control circuits, including DC/AC circuits and breaker closing circuit, was discussed thoroughly. This article continues the discussion with a breaker trip circuit, bay control-protection unit (BCPU) & alarm circuit, indication…...
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Dec 14, 2020 | By Salem Alshahrani
