Power Substation
Eight typical transformer protection schemes with correctly selected relays
This technical article shows application hints for typical transformer protection schemes where SIPROTEC 4 relays are used. Some of applications are small and large transformer infeed, dual infeed with single transformer, parallel incoming transformer feeders, and others like parallel incoming… Read more
May 31, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
4 medium voltage switching equipment for primary substation installations
This technical article covers the medium voltage switching equipment intended mainly for primary substation installations. The target is to give some basic knowledge and difference between four main piece of MV switching equipment, especially in the view of distribution automation… Read more
May 22, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Dangerous magnetic field exposure near transformer substation in the building
Transformer substations located close to the living areas could induce high long-term exposures to extremely low frequency magnetic fields of nearby inhabitants. Some of the researches have shown increased risk to childhood leukemia associated with the long term exposure to… Read more
May 05, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Typical power supply schemes for standby and production generator sets
The main types of prime movers used in engine driven generator sets for industrial sites and commercial buildings are Diesel engines, gas turbines, and steam turbines. Turbines are used mainly for production sets whereas Diesel engines can be used for… Read more
Apr 26, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Metering
The most frequent errors in specifying current transformers (CTs)
Current transformers (CTs) form an essential link within the protection chain of electrical networks. Their specification, even if it is handled by specialists, often includes errors and is insufficiently optimized. This often leads to technological impossibilities, operating delays, extra costs,… Read more
Apr 24, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
The analysis of four network schemes in terms of reliability and protection
Before sizing an electric network, the single-line diagram of the electric network must be defined on the basis of: Load – it is considered fundamental to establish the true user and service requirements these are destined for, in terms of quality, availability… Read more
Mar 24, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Four typical designs for connecting generator set(s) to the low voltage system
Many different system designs are possible, but for highest reliability, systems are typically configured so that generator set(s) are connected at low voltage, with the minimum number of transformers and circuit breakers between the generator set and load to be… Read more
Feb 08, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Four design criteria for human machine interface (HMI) in a substation
With the introduction of IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices), the traditional switchboard interface is being replaced by Human Machine Interface (HMI) software loaded on computer hardware. The designer has a wide choice of HMI vendors that support a wide range of… Read more
Jan 11, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Fundamental overcurrent, distance and differential protection principles
The aim of this technical article is to cover the most important principles of four fundamental relay protections: overcurrent, directional overcurrent, distance and differential for transmission lines, power transformers and busbars. Contents: Principle of overcurrent protection Principle of directional overcurrent protection… Read more
Dec 26, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Metering
A case study of 110/10 kV substation with centralized protection, automation and control system
Centralized substation protection and control has been attempted in the past based on the available technology. This evolution is now at the intersection of sensing, protection and communication technologies, providing the unique opportunity to develop a more reliable and maintainable… Read more
Dec 21, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The principles of differential protection you MUST understand
Although nowadays differential protection is achieved numerically, in order to understand the principles of differential protection it is useful to analyze the ubiquitous electromechanical relay. Figure 1 shows a simple differential protection scheme, also known as a Merz-Price scheme. In this… Read more
Dec 09, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Gas insulated substation (GIS) versus Air insulated substation (AIS)
The metal-enclosed gas insulated switchgear> inherently follows the criteria for new substation design and offers a higher reliability and flexibility than other solutions. Due to the gas enclosed design, GIS is the most suitable solution for indoor and underground substations…. Read more
Dec 02, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Do you know what an arc flash is? If not, keep reading, it’s important.
An Arc Flash is an electrical explosion resulting from a low impedance connection to ground or another voltage phase in an electrical system. High temperatures cause rapid heating of surrounding air and extreme pressures, resulting in an arc blast. The… Read more
Nov 09, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Cables
Five key factors to the correct cable selection and application
It is essential to know cable construction, characteristics, and ratings to understand problems related to cable systems. However, to correctly select a cable system and assure its satisfactory operation, additional knowledge is required. This knowledge may consist of service conditions,… Read more
Oct 31, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Paralleling and ferroresonance as special problems with transformers
Occasionally, crews must install distribution transformers, either at a changeover or for extra capacity. If a larger bank is being installed to replace an existing unit, paralleling transformers during the changeover eliminates the customer interruption. In order to parallel transformer… Read more
Oct 12, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
