High Voltage
Oil-Filled Equipment in Substation – IEEE 980-1994 (R2001)
A number of electrical apparatus installed in substations are filled with oil that provides the necessary insulation characteristics and assures their required performance. Electrical faults in this power equipment can produce arcing and excessive temperatures that may vaporize insulating oil,… Read more
Sep 07, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
AIS – Air insulated substations
In large, modern AC power systems, the transmission and distribution systems function to deliver bulk power from generating sources to users at the load centers. Transmission systems generally include generation switchyards, interconnecting transmission lines, autotransformers, switching stations, and step-down transformers…. Read more
Sep 06, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Animal deterrents and security in substation
The vast majority of electrical utility substations designed to transform transmission voltages to distribution class voltages employ an open-air design. The configurations may vary, but usually consist of equipment that utilizes polymer or porcelain insulators or bushings to create electrically… Read more
Sep 05, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
How reactive power is helpful to maintain a healthy system
We always tend to reduce reactive power to improve system efficiency. This is acceptable at some level. If the system is purely resistive or capacitance, it may cause problems in the Electrical system. AC systems supply or consume two kinds… Read more
Aug 29, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
Power Substation
Difference between Power Transformer and Distribution Transformer
Power transformers are used in transmission network of higher voltages for step-up and step down application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are generally rated above 200MVA. Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution networks… Read more
Aug 27, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
High Voltage
Budgeting and Financing Substation
The construction of new substations and the expansion of existing facilities are commonplace projects in electric utilities. However, due to the complexity, very few utility employees are familiar with the complete process that allows these projects to be successfully completed…. Read more
Aug 16, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Industrial Automation
How Stuxnet (PLC virus) spreads – Part 2
Continued from How Stuxnet (PLC virus) spreads – Part 1 » Read here Stuxnet is a computer worm designed to infect Siemens SIMATIC WinCC and S7 PLC products, either installed as part of a PCS 7 system, or operating on… Read more
Jul 23, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Electrical substation introduction and elements
An power substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high or medium to low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power flows through several substations between generating plant and… Read more
Apr 29, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Risk and Consequences Of Transformer Fire
The risk of a catastrophic fire with a properly inspected, tested, and maintained transformer is small. Proper maintenance and thorough testing of the transformer will prevent or detect many events that could lead to explosion and/or fire. However, unforeseen events… Read more
Feb 07, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Substation Ventilation Requirements – Ergon
Substations require special attention to ventilation in order to dissipate heat losses from electrical equipment. Wherever possible, natural air flow to the outside of the building will be used. Forced ventilation should be used where natural ventilation is not practicable…. Read more
Jan 19, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Security for Substation Communications
Until recently the term “security,” when applied to SCADA communication systems, meant only the process of ensuring message integrity in the face of electrical noise and other disturbances to the communications. But, in fact, “security” also has a much broader… Read more
Jan 13, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Reasons for Substation Grounding System
There are many parameters that have an effect on the voltages in and around the substation area. Since voltages are site-dependent, it is impossible to design one grounding system that is acceptable for all locations. The grid current, fault duration,… Read more
Jan 09, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Relationship Between Earthquakes And Substations
To secure and protect substation equipment from damage due to a seismic event, the relationship between earthquakes and substation components must first be understood. Earthquakes occur when there is a sudden rupture along a preexisting geologic fault. Shock waves that… Read more
Jan 09, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Types and Origins of Substation Fires
The risk of fire in substations has been historically low, but the possible impacts of a fire can be catastrophic. Fires in substations can severely impact the supply of power to customers and the utility company’s revenue and assets. These… Read more
Dec 26, 2010 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Establishing New Power Substation
The construction of new substations and the expansion of existing facilities are common place projects in electric utilities. However, due to the complexity, very few utility employees are familiar with the complete process that allows these projects to be successfully… Read more
Dec 20, 2010 | By Edvard Csanyi
