Energy and Power
What is HIPOT Testing (Dielectric Strength Test)?
Hipot Test is short name of high potential (high voltage) Test and it is also known as Dielectric Withstand Test. A hipot test checks for “good isolation”. Hipot test makes surety of no current will flow from one point to… Read more
Dec 22, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
Power Substation
Why and how much for fire protection of power plant?
Fire protection measures can be subdivided into life-safety and investment categories. Life-safety measures are considered to be mandatory by fire codes, building codes, or safety codes. As such, the codes mandate specific types of substation fire protection, with very little… Read more
Dec 07, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Cables
Fire Properties Of Cables
This is an area of increasing public and legislative concern, and therefore of increasing interest to engineers. There have been major advances in the fire performance of cables in recent years, and table below lists some of the relevant standards…. Read more
Nov 21, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Energy Demand Factor, Diversity Factor, Utilization Factor, and Load Factor
This technical article duscusses the five most important factors that are employed in the energy management: Demand Factor, Diversity Factor, Load Factor, Utilization Factor, and Coincidence Factor. The management of energy demand requires the efficient utilization of energy resources, the… Read more
Nov 14, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
Maintenance
Retro perspective 30 years ago: Metal-Clad or Metal-Enclosed MV Switchgear? What to choose?
There are two types of switchgear commonly applied today for switching and protection of in-plant medium voltage (4.16 kV through 34.5 kV) power distribution systems. One is metal-clad switchgear using draw-out air-magnetic or vacuum circuit breakers and relays for both load… Read more
Oct 31, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Neutral system – Single earthed or Multi earthed?
In distribution system three phase load is unbalance and non linear so the neutral plays an very important role in distribution system. Generally, distribution networks are operated in an unbalanced configuration and also service to consumers. This causes current flowing… Read more
Oct 13, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
High Voltage
Be extremely careful when racking in and racking out circuit breaker
There are many reasons causes arc flash incidents. Some of arc flash explosions occur when substation personnel insert or remove (rack in or out) circuit breakers from low or high voltage switchgear cubicles. Manual racking in and racking out circuit… Read more
Oct 11, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Complete overview of lightning arresters (part 3)
Continued from article Complete overview of lightning arresters (part 2) There are several types of lightning arresters in general use. They differ only in constructional details but operate on the same principle, providing low resistance path for the surges to… Read more
Oct 08, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
Power Substation
Complete overview of lightning arresters (part 2)
Continued from article Complete overview of lightning arresters (part 1) Surge arresters are devices that help prevent damage to apparatus due to high voltages. The arrester provides a low-impedance path to ground for the current from a lightning strike or… Read more
Sep 29, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
Power Substation
Complete overview of lightning arresters (1)
Lightning can create voltage surges in several of the following ways. Lightning can score a direct hit on your house. It can strike the overhead power line which enters your house, or a main power line that is blocks away… Read more
Sep 23, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
Low Voltage
Types Of Electrical Power Distribution Systems You Should Know About
Electrical power is distribution either three wires or four wires (3 wire for phases and 1 wire for Neutral). Voltage between phase to phase called Line Voltage and voltage between phase and neutral is called Phase Voltage. This forth wire… Read more
Sep 19, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
High Voltage
GIS vs AIS – Substation Earthing
Compressed SF6 gas used in MV and HV switchgears as an insulating medium has led to the development of compact gas-insulated substation (CIS) technology (figure 1). GIS , having many advantages over often used and conventional air-insulated substations (AIS), have… Read more
Sep 12, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
Oil-Filled Equipment in Substation – IEEE 980-1994 (R2001)
A number of electrical apparatus installed in substations are filled with oil that provides the necessary insulation characteristics and assures their required performance. Electrical faults in this power equipment can produce arcing and excessive temperatures that may vaporize insulating oil,… Read more
Sep 07, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
AIS – Air insulated substations
In large, modern AC power systems, the transmission and distribution systems function to deliver bulk power from generating sources to users at the load centers. Transmission systems generally include generation switchyards, interconnecting transmission lines, autotransformers, switching stations, and step-down transformers…. Read more
Sep 06, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Animal deterrents and security in substation
The vast majority of electrical utility substations designed to transform transmission voltages to distribution class voltages employ an open-air design. The configurations may vary, but usually consist of equipment that utilizes polymer or porcelain insulators or bushings to create electrically… Read more
Sep 05, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
