Energy and Power
Substation Switching Schemes
This technical article is intended to provide description and comparison of single line options for a DESN substation. The goal is to provide an analytical comparison for all options so that one can select the optimum solution considering cost, reliability,… Read more
Jun 26, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Commissioning of Electrical Equipment
To verify system condition after has been energized with rated system (service) voltage for which it is designed. Also to ensure the protection, metering system for correct directionality. Multimeter Phase angle meter Phase sequence meter Communication software (if required) Before… Read more
Jun 25, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Understanding Vector Group of Transformer (Part 2)
Vector Groups are the IEC method of categorizing the primary and secondary winding configurations of 3-phase transformers. Windings can be connected as delta, star, or interconnected-star (zigzag). Winding polarity is also important, since reversing the connections across a set of… Read more
Jun 04, 2012 | By Jignesh Parmar
Power Substation
Transformer Connection Star-Star
The windings of three phase transformers may be connected in by Y or Δ in the same manner as for three single phase transformer. Since the secondary’s may be connected either in Y or Δ regardless of which connection is used on… Read more
May 23, 2012 | By Jignesh Parmar
Cables
Sizing of power cables for circuit breaker controlled feeders (part 2)
Continued from article Sizing of power cables for circuit breaker controlled feeders (part 1) This criterion is applied so that cross section of the cable can carry the required load current continuously at the designed ambient temperature and laying condition. Ampacity… Read more
May 13, 2012 | By Asif Eqbal
Medium Voltage
Bus Switching Configurations In Air Insulated Substations (AIS)
Various factors affect the reliability of a substation, one of which is the arrangement of the switching devices. Arrangement of the switching devices will impact maintenance, protection, initial substation development, and cost. There are six types of substation bus switching… Read more
May 05, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Overview Of Electrical Loads In Building
The electrical design professional should determine a building’s electrical load characteristics early in the preliminary design stage of the building to select the proper power distribution system and equipment having adequate power capacity with proper voltage levels, and sufficient space… Read more
Apr 27, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Metering
Analog Data Acquisition with Transducers
Transducers measure power system parameters by sampling instrument transformer secondaries. They provide a scaled, low-energy signal that represents a power system quantity that the SA interface controller can easily accept. Transducers also isolate and buffer the SA interface controller from… Read more
Apr 19, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
Substation Main Functions and Classification
An electrical substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries etc. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a ckt. can be switched off during normal operation by manual command and also… Read more
Mar 29, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
What is HIPOT Testing (Dielectric Strength Test)?
Hipot Test is short name of high potential (high voltage) Test and it is also known as Dielectric Withstand Test. A hipot test checks for “good isolation”. Hipot test makes surety of no current will flow from one point to… Read more
Dec 22, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
Power Substation
Why and how much for fire protection of power plant?
Fire protection measures can be subdivided into life-safety and investment categories. Life-safety measures are considered to be mandatory by fire codes, building codes, or safety codes. As such, the codes mandate specific types of substation fire protection, with very little… Read more
Dec 07, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Cables
Fire Properties Of Cables
This is an area of increasing public and legislative concern, and therefore of increasing interest to engineers. There have been major advances in the fire performance of cables in recent years, and table below lists some of the relevant standards…. Read more
Nov 21, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Energy Demand Factor, Diversity Factor, Utilization Factor, and Load Factor
This technical article discusses the five most important factors that are employed in the energy management: Demand Factor, Diversity Factor, Load Factor, Utilization Factor, and Coincidence Factor. The management of energy demand requires the efficient utilization of energy resources, the… Read more
Nov 14, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
Maintenance
Retro perspective 30 years ago: Metal-Clad or Metal-Enclosed MV Switchgear? What to choose?
There are two types of switchgear commonly applied today for switching and protection of in-plant medium voltage (4.16 kV through 34.5 kV) power distribution systems. One is metal-clad switchgear using draw-out air-magnetic or vacuum circuit breakers and relays for both load… Read more
Oct 31, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Neutral system – Single earthed or Multi earthed?
In distribution system three phase load is unbalance and non linear so the neutral plays an very important role in distribution system. Generally, distribution networks are operated in an unbalanced configuration and also service to consumers. This causes current flowing… Read more
Oct 13, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
