The art of generator synchronization techniques that every true engineer MUST know about
There are two main types of generator synchronization techniques: manual and automatic. The operator performs speed and voltage adjustments on the generator and issues the breaker closure command during a manual synchronization. Manual synchronization, in its purest form, is done…...
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Aug 07, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Advice and warnings for proper handling, earthing and testing of current transformers
Welcome to the third and final part of our comprehensive series on current transformers (CTs) and their secondary circuits. In Parts 1 and 2, we covered various aspects of CT operation, secondary injection testing, burden calculations, CT circuit connections, safety…...
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Jul 31, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Seven golden foundations of good electrical installation work
This technical article deals with the practical aspects of commercial and industrial electrical installation work. It is of the utmost importance that the practical task be done in the appropriate manner. Electrical installations in commercial and industrial settings are often… Read more
Jul 24, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
A detailed checklist for the installation and commissioning of Gas-Insulated Substations (GIS)
Gas-insulated substations (GIS) are critical components of modern electrical power systems, providing efficient and compact solutions for the transmission and distribution of electricity. These substations utilize sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas as an insulating and arc-quenching medium, offering several advantages over…...
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Jul 17, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Choosing between AIS and GIS substation design: Factors you MUST take into consideration
For the last sixty years, gas-insulated substation (GIS) has been used in applications related to substations all over the world, and this use of the technology is becoming an increasingly common asset for those who make use of substations. GIS… Read more
Jul 10, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Comprehensive Guide to Secondary Injection Testing of the Current Transformers (Part 2)
Welcome to the second part of our three-part series on current transformers (CTs) and their secondary circuits. In Part 1, we explored the fundamental principles of CT operation, the importance of secondary injection testing, the concept of “burden,” considerations for…...
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Jul 03, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Good practice in the design of concrete and steel structures in power substations
The process of designing a substation usually begins with the general substation layout, which is dependent on the required safety clearance and insulation withstand, as well as the permissible loads delivered to substation equipment and structures. The permissible loads, in… Read more
Jun 26, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Comprehensive Guide to Secondary Injection Testing of the Current Transformers (Part 1)
Welcome to the first part of our three-part series on current transformers (CTs) and their secondary circuits. In this series, we will delve into the intricacies of CT operation, explore the importance of secondary injection testing, examine the concept of…...
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Jun 19, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Backup line protection practice: Remote vs. local vs. breaker failure (logic and schematics)
When other protection fails or is unable to operate, such as when the proper circuit breaker(s) fail to trip, backup protection is supposed to kick in and clear the fault or detect the abnormal condition in the time allotted. The… Read more
Jun 12, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
The good and bad practices in the commissioning of current transformers in a substation
In the previous technical article (check here), we delved into primary injection testing and the commissioning of current transformers. We explored the primary and secondary sides of current transformers, learned key concepts and terminology used by protection engineers, and examined…...
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Jun 05, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Primary injection testing and CTs commissioning in power substations (for true engineers)
Primary injection testing is a vital procedure in the commissioning and maintenance of current transformers (CTs). These transformers are integral components of electrical systems, enabling precise measurement and effective protection of electrical currents. In this article, we will explore the…...
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May 29, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Thumb rules, dos and don’ts in MV/HV switchgear testing and commissioning
No matter the approach, it is necessary that the testing engineers who will be responsible for commissioning the switchgear have a solid comprehension of the equipment that will be utilized and the various modes of operation that will be utilized…....
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May 22, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Dos and don’ts in creating operation logic diagrams for LV and MV switchgear feeders
Dealing with the switchgear operation logic diagrams is like setting the brain functions. It needs vigilance and patience from design engineer supported with hours and hours of testing and operation simulations. This technical article brings some light to the essence…...
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May 15, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Three most common SCADA applications in MV/LV distribution systems you SHOULD know
Electrical distribution systems comprise a large number of remote applications and locations, and it has traditionally been challenging to monitor and regulate these remote applications and sites. Utility companies have been installing remote terminal/telemetry units, often known as RTUs, at…...
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May 08, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Differences between primary and secondary distribution networks (you MUST know!)
This article will clarify certain frequently misunderstood terms among novice engineers: primary and secondary systems, as well as their equipment and configurations. The transmission and distribution networks of North America are examined as an example. Electricity can be generated from… Read more
Apr 24, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi