Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for 1000kV and above

Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) can corrctly work only if all its internal components are properly assembled and the metal enclosure is filled with SF6 gas at…...

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Apr 25, 2019 | Edvard

Learn to read and understand single line diagrams and wiring diagrams

Single line diagrams are used in common engineering practice as graphical representation of electrical switchboard or assembly containing more sections, i.e. cubicles. Basically, they are simplified and digest picture of…...

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Apr 12, 2019 | Miodrag Kokotovic

Practical steps in the design of a substation grounding

Grounding at power substations is extremely important. Grounding system provides the ground connection for the grounded neutral for transformers, reactors, and capacitors and also the discharge path for lightning rods,…...

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Mar 29, 2019 | Edvard

Practical approach in design and installation of detuned capacitor banks

During last two or three decades, the number of nonlinear electrical loads inside all types of buildings and facilities (residential, business, commercial and industrial) has been significantly increased. All that…...

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Mar 15, 2019 | Miodrag Kokotovic

Three essential features of automation in power distribution systems

One may wonder why are everybody talking more and more about automation in power distribution. Aren’t we already automated? Well, we are not. It can always be better, faster, with…...

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Feb 28, 2019 | Edvard

Connections and working principles of three-phase distribution transformers

A three-phase service can be supplied by one three-phase transformer unit or by interconnecting three single-phase transformer units. One three-phase unit is smaller than an equivalent size bank consisting of…...

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Feb 08, 2019 | Edvard

How to determine power transformer impedance for calculation of short-circuit currents

In order to calculate short-circuit currents, it is obligatory to know conductor-specific equivalent data and impedances of electrical operational equipment, which are usually given by the respective manufacturer. The calculation…...

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Jan 25, 2019 | Edvard

How to determine compensation of reactive power of an electrical installation

Improving the power factor of an electrical installation (compensation of reactive power) has many economic and technical advantages, but it’s not always easy to do so. There are numerous approaches…...

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Jan 11, 2019 | Edvard

Directional protection relays applied to multiple power sources, parallel circuits and loops

Directional protection is usually applied to distribution systems that contain multiple power sources, parallel circuits and rings/loops. For such systems it is absolutely necessary to have protection against fault currents…...

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Dec 27, 2018 | Edvard

The logic behind switchgear interlocking systems in substations

Switchgear interlocking is installed to protect both the equipment and the operator from dangerous situations caused by incorrect equipment operation. It can be categorized as operational interlocking and safety, or…...

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Dec 07, 2018 | Edvard