Case study: Failure of a transformer & switchgear buses due to a ferroresonance event

First of all, it’s good to know that the possibility of a transformer ferroresonance condition rapidly increases as the transformer is closer to generator zone. This condition may occur when…...

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Aug 23, 2019 | Edvard

Case study of transformer failure due to a ferroresonance occurrence

5 types of software that LV design engineers MUST know how to work with

Back in early days, engineers weren’t able to use software tools for the purpose of drawing, calculation and design. So, how did they do it? Prior to software era, drawings…...

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Aug 08, 2019 | Miodrag Kokotovic

5 software types that LV design engineers MUST know how to work with

Learn how to analyse and check factory wiring diagrams of a MV switchgear

As already written earlier regarding LV switchboard, wiring diagrams are used to show control and signalization principle of operation inside switchboard. Usually they are given in form of electrical circuits…...

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Jul 25, 2019 | Miodrag Kokotovic

Learn to analyse and check factory wiring diagrams of a MV switchgear

The magic I used to reduce harmonics in a plant (a real case study)

During last several decades, number and severity of electrical engineering problems caused by harmonic distortion have been significantly increased in both, domestic and industrial environment. This is mainly due to…...

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Jul 11, 2019 | Miodrag Kokotovic

Case study: The magic I used to reduce harmonics in a plant

Lightning protection system – How much of design and material is really needed?

Within this article, an overview of fundamental principles regarding design and construction of lightning protection system (LPS) will be given. Relevant IEC 62305 standard will be used as a reference…....

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Jun 28, 2019 | Miodrag Kokotovic

Lightning protection system – How much of design and material is really needed?

The most important precautions during commissioning and start up of LV switchgear

Low voltage switchgear can often be very complex and expensive piece of electrical equipment, usually representing one of the most critical and crucial parts of the project. In order to…...

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Jun 13, 2019 | Miodrag Kokotovic

The most important precautions during commissioning and start up of LV switchgear

8 common mistakes in reading and creating single line and wiring diagrams

In order to create consistent and technically correct single line or wiring diagram, more than basic knowledge about engineering field in question is required. Besides electrical installation and equipment, design engineer should be...

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May 30, 2019 | Miodrag Kokotovic

8 common mistakes in reading and creating single line and wiring diagrams

The case of phase-to-phase fault in a 13.8 kV switchgear caused by heavy rain

In this case study we describe a 13.8 kV switchgear phase-to-phase fault due to by heavy rain evolving into a three-phase fault that was cleared by transformer numerical relays. The…...

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May 17, 2019 | Edvard

The case of phase-to-phase fault in a 13.8kV switchgear caused by heavy rain

How to make calculation for a distribution substation 10/0.4 kV, 2×1600 kVA

Distribution substations with installed power of 2×1600 kVA are typical example of electrical power supply facilities which can be often seen all around the Europe and wider. By “calculation” of such a substation, it is assumed that...

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May 02, 2019 | Miodrag Kokotovic

How to make calculation for a distribution substation 10/0.4 kV, 2x1600 kVA

Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for 1000kV and above

Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) can corrctly work only if all its internal components are properly assembled and the metal enclosure is filled with SF6 gas at…...

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Apr 25, 2019 | Edvard