Six beautiful animals that cause interruptions and hazards to electric utilities
Animals are one the largest causes of customer interruptions for nearly every electric utility worldwide, right after human and other factors. Problems and mitigation techniques are as varied as the…...
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Aug 19, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi

Top five software types that LV design engineers MUST know how to work with
Back in the early days, engineers weren’t able to use software tools for the purpose of drawing, calculation, and design. So, how did they do it? Prior to the software…...
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Aug 08, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic

Learn how to analyse and check wiring diagrams of a medium voltage switchgear
As already written earlier regarding the LV switchboard, wiring diagrams are used to show the control and signalization principle of operation inside the switchboard. Usually, they are given in form…...
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Jul 25, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic

The magic I used to reduce harmonics in a plant (a real case study)
During the last several decades, the number and severity of electrical engineering problems caused by harmonic distortion have been significantly increased in both, domestic and industrial environments. This is mainly…...
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Jul 11, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic

Lightning protection system – How much of design and material is really needed?
Within this article, an overview of fundamental principles regarding design and construction of lightning protection system (LPS) will be given. Relevant IEC 62305 standard will be used as a reference…....
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Jun 28, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic

The most important precautions during commissioning and start up of LV switchgear
Low voltage switchgear can often be a very complex and expensive piece of electrical equipment, usually representing one of the most critical and crucial parts of the project. In order…...
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Jun 13, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic

Major components you can spot while looking at opened LV and MV switchboards
Depending on the size of the building or factory site and whether the supply is high voltage or low voltage, there may be requirements for both a main high voltage…...
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Jun 10, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi

Eight common mistakes in reading and creating single line and wiring diagrams
In order to create a consistent and technically correct single line or wiring diagram, more than basic knowledge about the engineering field in question is required. Besides electrical installation and…...
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May 30, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic

The case of phase-to-phase fault in a 13.8 kV switchgear caused by heavy rain
In this case study we describe a 13.8 kV switchgear phase-to-phase fault due to by heavy rain evolving into a three-phase fault that was cleared by transformer numerical relays. The…...
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May 17, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi

How to make calculation for a distribution substation 10/0.4 kV, 2×1600 kVA
Distribution substations with an installed power of 2×1600 kVA are a typical example of electrical power supply facilities which can be often seen all around Europe and wider. By “calculation”…...
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May 02, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic

Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for 1000kV and above
Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) can correctly work only if all its internal components are properly assembled and the metal enclosure is filled with SF6 gas at…...
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Apr 25, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi

Learn to read and understand single line diagrams and wiring diagrams
Single line diagrams are used in common engineering practice as graphical representation of electrical switchboard or assembly containing more sections, i.e. cubicles. Basically, they are simplified and digest picture of…...
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Apr 12, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic

Practical steps in the design of a substation grounding
Grounding at power substations is extremely important. The grounding system provides the ground connection for the grounded neutral for transformers, reactors, and capacitors and also the discharge path for lightning…...
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Mar 29, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi

Practical approach in design and installation of detuned capacitor banks
During last two or three decades, the number of nonlinear electrical loads inside all types of buildings and facilities (residential, business, commercial and industrial) has been significantly increased. All that…...
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Mar 15, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic

Control house at HV/EHV switchyards and substations (construction, layout and functions)
Nowadays, the control house is one of the main parts of every modern HV switchyard and substation. Why? Simply, because substations have grown in complexity and equipment such as circuit…...
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Mar 11, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
