How does low voltage protection unit work and what’s the most important to understand
If we are talking about LV applications, the protection (or trip) unit is a functional part of a circuit breaker. In most cases, they are physically integrated into the same housing as well. To better explain the purpose of the…...
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Jan 23, 2020 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
How to avoid common mistakes during wiring and startup of power factor correction (PFC) cubicle
Power factor correction (PFC) and reactive power compensation (RPC) are often used as synonyms in practice. Although they are similar and mutually dependent terms, they don’t represent the same thing. RPC is a procedure for reducing total reactive power of…...
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Jan 16, 2020 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
The art of arc-protection relaying in MV applications
Arc-flash detection relays are superior and provide much faster arc-flash detection times compared to the differential relays. With modern arc-flash detection technology, this detection time is of the order of ¼ cycles or even lower, based on 50/60 Hz. High-speed…...
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Jan 08, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Soft starter for potable water well pump (wiring diagram, troubleshooting example)
This article will analyze a real example of an electrical switchboard for a potable water well pump, containing a soft starter as one of the major components. Besides the explanation of the wiring diagram and working logic, some technical problems…...
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Dec 27, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
The analysis of MV/LV incoming supply configurations for large industrial plants
The metal-processing industry is an excellent example where you can find specific large industrial plants. Why specific? Maybe because in such plants, there are only a few individual large loads that have to be connected directly to the MV system…....
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Dec 18, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Where and why you should use thyristor switched reactive power compensation
Various aspects of reactive power compensation problems have already been mentioned in previous articles. However, because of consistency of this article, we will remind ourselves briefly on basic terms and principles related to this field. Reactive power is a sort…...
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Dec 12, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Notes in preparation of an MV/LV substation civil drawings and construction layout
MV/LV substations are not only a point of supply but also provide a means of network isolation in the event of faults or emergencies. In that manner, a detailed substation information and layout drawings are required for civil engineers to…...
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Dec 05, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Learn how to use PLC and VFD for pump control: Power and control circuits analysis
For the last several decades, every engineering task related to processing control is realized by the use of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). If we are talking about induction motor control, which is the most common case, usually a VFD (Variable…...
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Nov 27, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Five substation building services that usually lack of proper design (and make troubles later)
This technical article introduces five main principles involved with substation control building and switchyard services that make a lot of trouble to substation crew if poorly designed. The article covers basic internal and external lighting design, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning…...
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Nov 20, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
The wiring diagram and physical layout of the equipment inside the motor control centre
This article will provide a description of the most important equipment and working principle of a real case motor control centre (MCC). That is a usual name for a switchboard with the purpose of power supply and control of induction…...
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Nov 14, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
12 on-site checks to inspect the transformer’s health
On-site inspection of the substation transformer usually exposes important condition changes and it initiates various suspicions that need to be investigated in detail. As with any other substation equipment, many things could go wrong during the transformer operation. For example,…...
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Nov 11, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
13 very important type tests of a low voltage switchgear carried out by the manufacturer
Certification of distribution assemblies is defined by international standard IEC 61439-1. This standard provides common rules that are recognized worldwide. Compliance with the standard is certified, depending on the country or market, by a declaration of the panel builder, the…...
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Nov 06, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
The essentials of an automatic changeover systems in medium voltage networks
In medium voltage distribution networks, it is important to maintain a high level of reliability. Industry relies on the continuous operation of critical plant, which requires no or little disruption to the electrical supply. There are various methods for building…...
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Nov 04, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Lessons I learned during the start-up of an MV switchgear
In the world of electrical engineering, a term start-up assumes all works which are necessary to be done for putting in operation already tested switchgear, as close as possible installed in position and ambient defined by design documentation and employer’s…...
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Oct 31, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Power supply conceptual schemes for small, medium-sized and large industrial plants
This technical article presents preferred system structures and power supply concepts for small, medium-sized and large industrial plants that meet the different requirements for power demand and supply quality. For each plant size, Siemens’s LV/MV distribution switchgear and distribution transformer…...
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Oct 22, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
