Lightning protection system β How much of design and material is really needed?
Within this article, an overview of fundamental principles regarding design and construction of lightning protection system (LPS) will be given. Relevant IEC 62305 standard will be used as a reference. Since this is very complex and detailed document, only basic…...
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Jun 28, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
The most important precautions during commissioning and start up of LV switchgear
Low voltage switchgear can often be a very complex and expensive piece of electrical equipment, usually representing one of the most critical and crucial parts of the project. In order to ensure that such important equipment is designed and will…...
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Jun 13, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Major components you can spot while looking at opened LV and MV switchboards
Depending on the size of the building or factory site and whether the supply is high voltage or low voltage, there may be requirements for both a main high voltage switchboard and one or more low voltage switchboards or just…...
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Jun 10, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Eight common mistakes in reading and creating single line and wiring diagrams
In order to create a consistent and technically correct single line or wiring diagram, more than basic knowledge about the engineering field in question is required. Besides electrical installation and equipment, the design engineers should be familiar with electrical symbols…...
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May 30, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Six tools you MUST learn before programming numerical protection relays for real
Developing basic setting specifications for numerical relays is a boring process for most electrical engineers, but not for the protection engineers! It requires significant input data but, for the most part, is exciting and relatively straightforward. A basic understanding of…...
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May 20, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
The case of phase-to-phase fault in a 13.8 kV switchgear caused by heavy rain
In this case study we describe a 13.8 kV switchgear phase-to-phase fault due to by heavy rain evolving into a three-phase fault that was cleared by transformer numerical relays. The generator was out of service and the fault was fed…...
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May 17, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
How to make calculation for a distribution substation 10/0.4 kV, 2×1600 kVA
Distribution substations with an installed power of 2×1600 kVA are a typical example of electrical power supply facilities which can be often seen all around Europe and wider. By βcalculationβ of such a substation, it is assumed that values of…...
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May 02, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for 1000kV and above
Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) can correctly work only if all its internal components are properly assembled and the metal enclosure is filled with SF6 gas at the required density. That’s obligatory. As in the lower HV…...
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Apr 25, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Learn to read and understand single line diagrams and wiring diagrams
Single line diagrams are used in common engineering practice as graphical representation of electrical switchboard or assembly containing more sections, i.e. cubicles. Basically, they are simplified and digest picture of whole switchboard, showing only major power equipment and connections to…...
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Apr 12, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Practical steps in the design of a substation grounding
Grounding at power substations is extremely important. The grounding system provides the ground connection for the grounded neutral for transformers, reactors, and capacitors and also the discharge path for lightning rods, arresters, gaps, and similar devices. It ensures safety to…...
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Mar 29, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Remote control systems and communication devices in secondary substations
This technical article deals with the devices that make possible the interface with the primary process (e.g. cables and switchgear) in a secondary substation from a central point, like central control databases/systems that facilitate all kinds of stakeholders with data…....
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Mar 25, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Practical approach in design and installation of detuned capacitor banks
During last two or three decades, the number of nonlinear electrical loads inside all types of buildings and facilities (residential, business, commercial and industrial) has been significantly increased. All that caused the need for new approaches for electrical installation and…...
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Mar 15, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Control house at HV/EHV switchyards and substations (construction, layout and functions)
Nowadays, the control house is one of the main parts of every modern HV switchyard and substation. Why? Simply, because substations have grown in complexity and equipment such as circuit breakers, switch disconnectors, CT, VTs, and others must be controlled,…...
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Mar 11, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Why more and more automation in power distribution? Arenβt we already automated?
One may wonder why is everybody talking more and more about automation in power distribution. Aren’t we already automated? Well, we are not. It can always be better, faster, with more possibilities and more optimized. This is something that pushes…...
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Feb 28, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Learn to recognize T&D pylons, foundations, insulators, cables, bushings and arresters
Recognizing the type of transmission & distribution pylons and their equipment is kind of hard if you don’t know where to look for. There are many variations that look similar and you must have sharp eyes to see the details…....
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Feb 20, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
