Metering
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Field devices and signals used for LV SCADA operations
At low voltage level, SCADA applications are usually used for process control and monitoring of equipment. Furthermore, incoming circuit breakers or switch disconnectors inside large LV switchboards may also be operated remotely, by the command given from the SCADA working…...
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Sep 05, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Premium Content
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Case study: Failure of a transformer & switchgear buses due to a ferroresonance event
First of all, it’s good to know that the possibility of a transformer ferroresonance condition rapidly increases as the transformer is closer to generator zone. This condition may occur when the generator is disconnected, leaving the unit transformer delta winding…...
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Aug 23, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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Six beautiful animals that cause interruptions and hazards to electric utilities
Animals are one the largest causes of customer interruptions for nearly every electric utility worldwide, right after human and other factors. Problems and mitigation techniques are as varied as the animals involved. Identifying and addressing physical root causes is often…...
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Aug 19, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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Top five software types that LV design engineers MUST know how to work with
Back in the early days, engineers weren’t able to use software tools for the purpose of drawing, calculation, and design. So, how did they do it? Prior to the software era, drawings were made manually, using ink and paper, while…...
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Aug 08, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Maintenance
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Maintenance and troubleshooting guidelines for a typical high voltage switchgear
Like any other major component of the high voltage electrical network, a switchgear also needs maintenance schedules for trouble-free operation during its life cycle. No one should work on the system itself or on any plant controlled by it, without…...
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Aug 07, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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How not to select the wrong generator set (genset) for your application
Generator set is maybe the most expensive part you can find in a substation. Therefore, many factors must be considered when determining the proper size or electrical rating of an electrical power generator set. If wrong size or rate is…...
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Jul 31, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
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Learn how to analyse and check wiring diagrams of a medium voltage switchgear
As already written earlier regarding the LV switchboard, wiring diagrams are used to show the control and signalization principle of operation inside the switchboard. Usually, they are given in form of electrical circuits between two lines which are representing control…...
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Jul 25, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Power Substation
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Six alarms coming from a substation transformer you MUST take very seriously
Transformers are the most expensive piece of apparatus in a power substation and therefore must have appropriate protection equipment installed to guard against various faults. This technical article explains a few internal transformer faults that make an alarm in a…...
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Jul 22, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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The magic I used to reduce harmonics in a plant (a real case study)
During the last several decades, the number and severity of electrical engineering problems caused by harmonic distortion have been significantly increased in both, domestic and industrial environments. This is mainly due to the increased number and larger ratings of nonlinear…...
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Jul 11, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Premium Content
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Lightning protection system – How much of design and material is really needed?
Within this article, an overview of fundamental principles regarding design and construction of lightning protection system (LPS) will be given. Relevant IEC 62305 standard will be used as a reference. Since this is very complex and detailed document, only basic…...
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Jun 28, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Low Voltage
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The most important precautions during commissioning and start up of LV switchgear
Low voltage switchgear can often be a very complex and expensive piece of electrical equipment, usually representing one of the most critical and crucial parts of the project. In order to ensure that such important equipment is designed and will…...
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Jun 13, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Low Voltage
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Major components you can spot while looking at opened LV and MV switchboards
Depending on the size of the building or factory site and whether the supply is high voltage or low voltage, there may be requirements for both a main high voltage switchboard and one or more low voltage switchboards or just…...
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Jun 10, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
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Eight common mistakes in reading and creating single line and wiring diagrams
In order to create a consistent and technically correct single line or wiring diagram, more than basic knowledge about the engineering field in question is required. Besides electrical installation and equipment, the design engineers should be familiar with electrical symbols…...
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May 30, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Power Substation
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Six tools you MUST learn before programming numerical protection relays for real
Developing basic setting specifications for numerical relays is a boring process for most electrical engineers, but not for the protection engineers! It requires significant input data but, for the most part, is exciting and relatively straightforward. A basic understanding of…...
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May 20, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Premium Content
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The case of phase-to-phase fault in a 13.8 kV switchgear caused by heavy rain
In this case study we describe a 13.8 kV switchgear phase-to-phase fault due to by heavy rain evolving into a three-phase fault that was cleared by transformer numerical relays. The generator was out of service and the fault was fed…...
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May 17, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
