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Connections and working principles of three-phase distribution transformers
A three-phase service can be supplied by one three-phase transformer unit or by interconnecting three single-phase transformer units. One three-phase unit is smaller than an equivalent size bank consisting of three single-phase units. One three-phase transformer tends to be used…...
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Feb 08, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
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How to determine power transformer impedance for calculation of short-circuit currents
In order to calculate short-circuit currents, it is obligatory to know conductor-specific equivalent data and impedances of electrical operational equipment, which are usually given by the respective manufacturer. The calculation of short-circuit currents is based on the use of equivalent circuits…...
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Jan 25, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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How to determine compensation of reactive power of an electrical installation
Improving the power factor of an electrical installation (compensation of reactive power) has many economic and technical advantages, but it’s not always easy to do so. There are numerous approaches to do such job, so let’s try to with this…...
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Jan 11, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
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Directional protection relays applied to multiple power sources, parallel circuits and loops
Directional protection is usually applied to distribution systems that contain multiple power sources, parallel circuits and rings/loops. For such systems it is absolutely necessary to have protection against fault currents that could circulate in both directions, avoiding disconnection of unnecessary…...
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Dec 27, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
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The logic behind switchgear interlocking systems in substations
Switchgear interlocking is installed to protect both the equipment and the operator from dangerous situations caused by incorrect equipment operation. It can be categorized as operational interlocking and safety, or maintenance, interlocking. However interlocking logic is not always easy to…...
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Dec 07, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
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Main components of a Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) you should know about
Gas-insulated substations (GIS) use circuit breakers, disconnect switches, and grounding switches, and have various means of indicating their position, either opened or closed, so the same as in air-insulated substation (AIS). Operation of a GIS uses most of the same…...
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Nov 23, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
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The raising technology of high voltage vacuum circuit breakers (that could replace SF6…)
Because of great harmfulness of greenhouse effect, SF6 gas has to be limited. It is necessary to develop high voltage vacuum circuit breaker to replace SF6 circuit breaker. Insulating structure and arc-characteristics of vacuum interrupter are the key to development…...
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Nov 07, 2018 | By Ali Sepehri
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Four special capacitor applications in EHV systems you should know about
There are many other applications in the industry where capacitors are used for power factor correction or energy storage purposes. These include arc furnaces, resistance welding equipment, single-phase capacitor start, capacitor run motors, lighting applications and special applications of capacitors…...
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Oct 26, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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7 essential functions of a digital substation automation system (SAS)
As you already know, every power substation consists of a group of HV devices whose individual sizes depend on substation operation voltages, which is called the primary equipment, as well as by a lot of low voltage smaller components, which…...
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Oct 05, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
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DC versus AC power transmission with reference to bulk-energy transfer
High voltage transmission systems has a dual purpose, i.e. system interconnection and bulk-energy transfer. With reference to system interconnection, the need to operate the whole system in perfect synchronism often prevents the transfer of power by alternating current. The reasons…...
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Sep 14, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Single phase and three phase capacitive-load switching in transmission & distribution systems
The interruption of capacitive currents is a usual switching case, unlike the making and breaking of fault currents. The usual cases, in which a capacitive current is switched, are switching of unloaded overhead transmission lines, local substation components, cables, capacitor…...
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Aug 30, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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The technology behind distributed control system (DCS) in a thermal power plant
A DCS is the heart of a thermal power plant’s instrumentation and control systems. DCS stands for ‘distributed control system’, and the term ‘distributed’ means that several processors are operating together. This is usually achieved by dedicating tasks to different…...
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Aug 09, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
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Nine topologies of medium voltage ring-main systems you should know about
Power systems are constructed can be operated as radial systems, ring-main systems or meshed systems. This technical article deals with nine most common topologies of ring-main systems, their characteristics and applications. Ring-main systems are common in the medium voltage range…....
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Jul 27, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
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Current and voltage digital transformation in a modern substation protection and automation
Developments in communication have done much to realize the digital substation, but to realize a full digital substation it is necessary to have everything in digital form. Whilst much substation protection, control, and automation technology has always been digital (trip…...
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Jul 25, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Reasons and duties for switching in power transmission and distribution systems
The purpose of a power system is to transport and distribute the electric energy generated in the power plants to the consumers in a safe and reliable way. Generators take care of the conversion of mechanical energy into electric energy,…...
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Jul 12, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
