Medium Voltage
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Mastering single line and wiring diagrams: Using circuit breaker for MV power factor correction
Within this article, a custom-made cubicle intended for supply and protection of MV reactive power compensation block will be analyzed. Technical characteristics of major electrical components, together with three line and wiring diagrams, will be shown, while some specific aspects…...
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Apr 09, 2020 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Energy and Power
The essentials of power systems: Relay protection and communication systems
First, I would like to make a note that there are many essentials when we speak about power systems in general. The main relay protection functions (overcurrent, directional, differential, distance, etc.) and network communication systems (SCADA, RTUs, digital and analog… Read more
Apr 06, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Civil engineering in installation of substation buildings and switchboard rooms
What is the civil engineering of substation? The civil engineering includes a large quantity of information and details for the structural drawings required to design switchgear installations. The structural drawings are the basis for producing the structural design plans (foundation,… Read more
Apr 01, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Six less known phenomena that can cause disturbance in electrical installations
In addition to the known phenomena of lightning and switching, numerous new sources, in particular power converters, can cause disturbance in installations. This disturbance, which is generated by the installation itself or carried by the system from external sources or… Read more
Mar 30, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
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Mastering single line and wiring diagrams: MV earth fault protection
This technical article continues the series of articles dedicated to mastering single line and wiring diagrams of medium voltage switchgear. This time, the subject is the principle, and realization of earth fault protection applied to the same example switchgear used…...
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Mar 26, 2020 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Cables
The art of determining the right cross-section of low voltage conductors
To be clear at the beginning of this article, determining the cross-section of conductors and cables is, for sure, not the most exciting part of electrical design. There are much more challenging and more exciting parts than staring at endless… Read more
Mar 16, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
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Learn how to interpret interlocking schemes between MV cubicles (single line and wiring diagrams)
There are numerous variations of MV switchgear topology, measurement, and control logic. However, there are also some basic rules related to these aspects which may be frequently seen in practice, with the purpose of increased safety and reliability during operation…....
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Mar 12, 2020 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Protection
Best relay protection practices applied to shunt reactors, capacitors, SVCs and STATCOMs
This technical article explains the protection practices applied to shunt reactors and capacitors as well as to static var compensators (SVCs) and static compensators (STATCOMs). Dry-type and oil-immersed reactors usually use overcurrent, negative sequence, percentage differential, or impedance relays depending… Read more
Mar 11, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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When can we say that earthing arrangement is safe for people (confusions in practice)
This article will analyse some of the most important safety issues related to design and use of LV electrical installations. Besides explanation of relevant terms in this field defined by IEC standards, some misinterpretations and confusions which may be seen…...
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Feb 28, 2020 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Electric Motor
The art of designing the auxiliary system of a power plant
Power plant auxiliary system is usually pretty complicated and consists of dozen of motors, transformers, capacitor banks, variable frequency drives, PLCs, and other electrical devices. Therefore, protection relaying cannot be simple, and it requires special attention for each component of… Read more
Feb 24, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Inevitable in almost all electrical switchboards – Residual current device (RCD)
Technology that RCD uses is so simple and so magical. The residual current device continually measures the difference between the value of the outgoing and incoming currents in the circuit it is protecting. If this difference is not equal to… Read more
Feb 12, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Advice in choosing the right neutral earthing system for your installation
The choice of a neutral earthing system is dependent on requirements and objectives that are often contradictory to such an extent that sometimes several systems have to be created within one installation (islanding) in order to meet safety, maintainability, or… Read more
Feb 03, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
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How does low voltage protection unit work and what’s the most important to understand
If we are talking about LV applications, the protection (or trip) unit is a functional part of a circuit breaker. In most cases, they are physically integrated into the same housing as well. To better explain the purpose of the…...
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Jan 23, 2020 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Medium Voltage
IEC and NEMA/IEEE ratings of current transformers (CTs) in medium voltage applications
First, let’s remind ourselves of the basics in a few sentences. That is something you must know. A current transformer (CT) is designed to produce a secondary current which is accurately proportional to the primary current. It consists of a… Read more
Jan 20, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
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The art of arc-protection relaying in MV applications
Arc-flash detection relays are superior and provide much faster arc-flash detection times compared to the differential relays. With modern arc-flash detection technology, this detection time is of the order of ¼ cycles or even lower, based on 50/60 Hz. High-speed…...
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Jan 08, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
