Energy and Power
Advice in choosing the right neutral earthing system for your installation
The choice of a neutral earthing system is dependent on requirements and objectives that are often contradictory to such an extent that sometimes several systems have to be created within one installation (islanding) in order to meet safety, maintainability, or… Read more
Feb 03, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
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How does low voltage protection unit work and what’s the most important to understand
If we are talking about LV applications, the protection (or trip) unit is a functional part of a circuit breaker. In most cases, they are physically integrated into the same housing as well. To better explain the purpose of the…...
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Jan 23, 2020 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Medium Voltage
IEC and NEMA/IEEE ratings of current transformers (CTs) in medium voltage applications
First, let’s remind ourselves of the basics in a few sentences. That is something you must know. A current transformer (CT) is designed to produce a secondary current which is accurately proportional to the primary current. It consists of a… Read more
Jan 20, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
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The art of arc-protection relaying in MV applications
Arc-flash detection relays are superior and provide much faster arc-flash detection times compared to the differential relays. With modern arc-flash detection technology, this detection time is of the order of ¼ cycles or even lower, based on 50/60 Hz. High-speed…...
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Jan 08, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
Five switching devices you are likely to spot in most of the low voltage switchgear
This technical article will try to shed some light on switching devices usually installed in low voltage switchgear – circuit breakers, contactors, disconnectors, load-break switches, switch disconnectors and fuses. There are many variations of these devices, but the core function… Read more
Dec 23, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
The basics of fault protection for medium voltage motors
In principle, the protection of medium voltage motors is similar to low voltage motors, but the requirements are more demanding. Being closer to the utility source, medium-voltage motors are more susceptible to voltage sags and surges, reclosing, and higher available… Read more
Dec 16, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy Generation
Backup fault protection for generators in case of a failure at the generation station
It is a common practice to use the differential relay as primary fault protection for the generator. Backup fault protection is also highly recommended to protect the generator from the effects of faults that are not cleared because of failures… Read more
Dec 04, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Metering
Four special connections of current transformers in relay protection applications
As you should already know, current transformers are used for metering and relay protection purposes. When we are talking about current transformers used for metering, their performance is of interest during normal loading conditions. Metering transformers may have very significant… Read more
Dec 02, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
HV/EHV substation switching configurations, control and protection functions
The demand for power is growing rapidly due to increased industrial activities almost all across the world. Various generating sets of large ratings are being set up to meet this requirement. The generator, which is the source of power in… Read more
Nov 25, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Five substation building services that usually lack of proper design (and make troubles later)
This technical article introduces five main principles involved with substation control building and switchyard services that make a lot of trouble to substation crew if poorly designed. The article covers basic internal and external lighting design, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning…...
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This content is not available in your premium membership plan. Please upgrade your plan in order to access this content. You can choose an annually based Basic, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers.With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
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Nov 20, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Principles and applications of busbar protection schemes (you SHOULD know about)
In the olden days, the clearance of busbar faults was done by time-delayed distance relays or overcurrent relays, resulting in an extension of fault for a longer duration of time. In the present day’s networks, which are highly interconnected, having… Read more
Oct 28, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) advanced functions that make our life better
Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) have been deployed extensively in power automation systems recently, and the shift from RTUs to IEDs is evident due to the integration and interoperability features of the IEDs. This technical article briefly explains the IED advanced… Read more
Oct 16, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Occurrence and detection of an earth fault in MV power systems with isolated neutral
The mode of operation of an MV industrial power system that is galvanically isolated from the public power supply is determined by the method of neutral earthing on the secondary side of the transfer transformer. The following methods of neutral… Read more
Oct 14, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Medium voltage switches for isolation and earthing (applications and IEC 62271 ratings)
Medium voltage switches for use on 1-52kV indoor systems are predominantly used for isolation and earthing. Although the majority of these switches are air insulated, gas insulated (SF6) combination switches are available, which are designed for load and fault current… Read more
Oct 09, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
The art of achieving selectivity between incoming feeders connected in parallel
Calculating selectivity between incoming low voltage feeders connected in parallel is never an easy task. In parallel operation of two, three and more transformers on a common busbar, the partial short-circuit currents flowing in the individual incoming feeders add up… Read more
Oct 07, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
