Energy and Power
Occurrence and detection of an earth fault in MV power systems with isolated neutral
The mode of operation of an MV industrial power system that is galvanically isolated from the public power supply is determined by the method of neutral earthing on the secondary side of the transfer transformer. The following methods of neutral… Read more
Oct 14, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Medium voltage switches for isolation and earthing (applications and IEC 62271 ratings)
Medium voltage switches for use on 1-52kV indoor systems are predominantly used for isolation and earthing. Although the majority of these switches are air insulated, gas insulated (SF6) combination switches are available, which are designed for load and fault current… Read more
Oct 09, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
The art of achieving selectivity between incoming feeders connected in parallel
Calculating selectivity between incoming low voltage feeders connected in parallel is never an easy task. In parallel operation of two, three and more transformers on a common busbar, the partial short-circuit currents flowing in the individual incoming feeders add up… Read more
Oct 07, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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Good practice rules for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of LV conductors
The search for an overall optimization of the installation with regard to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and its ability to function without suffering or emitting excessive interference, comes via a set of good practices, which are often simple and based on…...
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Sep 30, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Operating centralized automatic compensation systems when supplying linear loads
For energy-efficient operation of decentralized multiply-fed industrial networks, each load-centre substation must have its own centralized reactive-power compensation system for automatic PF correction. The automatic reactive-power compensation systems used for load-related control of the reactive power comprise a PF controller… Read more
Sep 16, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Interference and noise affecting transmission media in protection signalling
The transmission media that provide the communication links involved in relay protection signalling are private pilots, rented pilots or channels, power line carrier, radio and the newest and the most advanced technology – optical fibres. Historically, pilot wires and channels… Read more
Sep 09, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
The facts about modern rotary and static uninterruptible power systems (UPS)
This technical article covers the brief explanation of the power quality issues with the reference to the past as well as two main types of modern UPS systems – rotary and static uninterruptible power systems, their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages…. Read more
Sep 04, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
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Case study: Failure of a transformer & switchgear buses due to a ferroresonance event
First of all, it’s good to know that the possibility of a transformer ferroresonance condition rapidly increases as the transformer is closer to generator zone. This condition may occur when the generator is disconnected, leaving the unit transformer delta winding…...
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Aug 23, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Practical implementation of the six most common transformer protection principles
This technical article relies on the previously published article (6 alarms coming from a substation transformer you MUST take very seriously), but is much more dedicated to the implementation of relay protection principles. You know that transformer is one of… Read more
Jul 24, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Six alarms coming from a substation transformer you MUST take very seriously
Transformers are the most expensive piece of apparatus in a power substation and therefore must have appropriate protection equipment installed to guard against various faults. This technical article explains a few internal transformer faults that make an alarm in a…...
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Jul 22, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Critical aspects of a distance non-unit relay protection (you should understand)
Non-unit protection consists of circuits that measure and compare the voltages and currents at the relaying point. It is able to determine the location of the fault from these values. It generally only responds to faults in one direction. Non-unit… Read more
Jul 15, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy Generation
Issues with distributed generation protection (bulk power and distributed generators)
Besides a number of benefits, there are some technical problems with relay protection of distributed generators. It turned out to be one of the most problematical technical issues since its malfunction could cause serious risk for people and components. Much… Read more
Jul 10, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Practical tips for installing surge protection devices in low voltage panel
In an electrical systems, surge protection devices (SPDs) are usually installed in tap-off configuration (in parallel) between the live conductors and the earth. The operating principle of SPD can be similar to that of a circuit breaker. In normal use… Read more
Jul 08, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Protection of pumped storage power plants using vacuum generator circuit breaker (VGCB)
The pumped storage power plants (PSPP) are one of the commercially proven methods available for grid-scale energy storage. Building additional PSPPs particularly in the areas with high installed capacities of wind parks and solar power plants will significantly improve the… Read more
Jul 01, 2019 | By Group Of Authors
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Lightning protection system – How much of design and material is really needed?
Within this article, an overview of fundamental principles regarding design and construction of lightning protection system (LPS) will be given. Relevant IEC 62305 standard will be used as a reference. Since this is very complex and detailed document, only basic…...
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Jun 28, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
