Protection
Differential protection of a transmission line with digital communication via pilot wires
Wire connections have a limited transmission bandwidth (3.4 kHz in the case of telephone twisted pairs). In the past they were used for differential protection with analog (50 Hz) measured value comparison and for phase comparison protection by implementation of… Read more
Jun 26, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Fuses as the oldest and simplest method of protecting rural distribution systems
Fuses are the oldest and simplest methods of protecting rural networks. There is no method as simple as fuses, but don’t be tricked, modern fuses are very reliable devices. All they need is a good discrimination achieved to be almost… Read more
Jun 19, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Using earth & phase directional protection where power flow direction might change
Directional protection relay is often used in all network parts in which the direction of flow of power might change, notably in the instance of a short circuit between phases or of an earthing fault (single phase fault). Directional protection… Read more
Jun 17, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
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Major components you can spot while looking at opened LV and MV switchboards
Depending on the size of the building or factory site and whether the supply is high voltage or low voltage, there may be requirements for both a main high voltage switchboard and one or more low voltage switchboards or just…...
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Jun 10, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
What is the unit protection and why it’s widely used in transmission networks
The whole power system must be protected. This is achieved by dividing it into overlapping zones. If a fault occurs in a particular zone, only the protection system covering that zone should operate. Those systems relating to other zones should… Read more
Jun 03, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Integration of IEC 61850 in power plant automation, control, and protection systems
IEC 61850 is much more than a protocol. The general scope of the standard is designed to support the communication of all functions being performed in a substation. Its main goal is interoperability and this is the ability for IEDs… Read more
May 29, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Solving the architectural and reliability puzzle of a protection and control system
This technical article discusses some of the basics of protection and control as successfully used for decades. Majority of these general requirements will have to be retained by new communication-based solutions. It is important to distinguish between the key need,… Read more
May 27, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Six tools you MUST learn before programming numerical protection relays for real
Developing basic setting specifications for numerical relays is a boring process for most electrical engineers, but not for the protection engineers! It requires significant input data but, for the most part, is exciting and relatively straightforward. A basic understanding of…...
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May 20, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Premium Content
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The case of phase-to-phase fault in a 13.8 kV switchgear caused by heavy rain
In this case study we describe a 13.8 kV switchgear phase-to-phase fault due to by heavy rain evolving into a three-phase fault that was cleared by transformer numerical relays. The generator was out of service and the fault was fed…...
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May 17, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
The basic protection schemes for 4 typical transformer types in power system
The degree of transformer protection provided depends to a great extent upon the size and functional importance of the unit. A further important factor is the economic aspect. The cost of protection for power transformers tends to be proportionally higher… Read more
May 13, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy Generation
Internal electrical systems within nuclear power plant stations (power sources)
Electrical systems within a nuclear power plant (NPP) deserve significant design considerations. The availability of on-site as well as off-site power plays a crucial role in nuclear power plant safety and are one of the most important considerations in constructing… Read more
Apr 29, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Three good examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection
This technical article provides three examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection. As there are many modern protection relays nowadays that provide advanced software to simplify the calculations, in this article we will use earlier Alstom type… Read more
Apr 22, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
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Learn to read and understand single line diagrams and wiring diagrams
Single line diagrams are used in common engineering practice as graphical representation of electrical switchboard or assembly containing more sections, i.e. cubicles. Basically, they are simplified and digest picture of whole switchboard, showing only major power equipment and connections to…...
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Apr 12, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Energy and Power
Properly engineered and installed selective coordination between LV circuit breakers
It’s extremely important to work on selective coordination of circuit breakers in the design phase of a system. After switchboards, distribution panels, MCCs, lighting switchboards, etc. are installed, there typically is little that can be done to retroactively “fix” a… Read more
Apr 10, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Minimizing failure impact in distribution systems by allowing faults to clear themselves
Distribution systems are basically insecure – failure of a major component always leads to customer interruptions. So, what can be done? Reliable distribution systems minimize this impact by allowing faults to clear themselves, by minimizing the number of customers affected… Read more
Apr 08, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
