Protection
The basic protection schemes for 4 typical transformer types in power system
The degree of transformer protection provided depends to a great extent upon the size and functional importance of the unit. A further important factor is the economic aspect. The cost of protection for power transformers tends to be proportionally higher… Read more
May 13, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy Generation
Internal electrical systems within nuclear power plant stations (power sources)
Electrical systems within a nuclear power plant (NPP) deserve significant design considerations. The availability of on-site as well as off-site power plays a crucial role in nuclear power plant safety and are one of the most important considerations in constructing… Read more
Apr 29, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Three good examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection
This technical article provides three examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection. As there are many modern protection relays nowadays that provide advanced software to simplify the calculations, in this article we will use earlier Alstom type… Read more
Apr 22, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
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Learn to read and understand single line diagrams and wiring diagrams
Single line diagrams are used in common engineering practice as graphical representation of electrical switchboard or assembly containing more sections, i.e. cubicles. Basically, they are simplified and digest picture of whole switchboard, showing only major power equipment and connections to…...
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Apr 12, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Energy and Power
Properly engineered and installed selective coordination between LV circuit breakers
It’s extremely important to work on selective coordination of circuit breakers in the design phase of a system. After switchboards, distribution panels, MCCs, lighting switchboards, etc. are installed, there typically is little that can be done to retroactively “fix” a… Read more
Apr 10, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Minimizing failure impact in distribution systems by allowing faults to clear themselves
Distribution systems are basically insecure – failure of a major component always leads to customer interruptions. So, what can be done? Reliable distribution systems minimize this impact by allowing faults to clear themselves, by minimizing the number of customers affected… Read more
Apr 08, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Electrical design of healthcare facilities (essential system requirements)
Due to the critical nature of the care being provided at healthcare facilities and their increasing dependence on electrical equipment for preservation of life, they have special requirements for the design of their electrical distribution systems. Healthcare facilities are defined… Read more
Apr 01, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Practical steps in the design of a substation grounding
Grounding at power substations is extremely important. The grounding system provides the ground connection for the grounded neutral for transformers, reactors, and capacitors and also the discharge path for lightning rods, arresters, gaps, and similar devices. It ensures safety to…...
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Mar 29, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Remote control systems and communication devices in secondary substations
This technical article deals with the devices that make possible the interface with the primary process (e.g. cables and switchgear) in a secondary substation from a central point, like central control databases/systems that facilitate all kinds of stakeholders with data…....
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Mar 25, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Pilot schemes for transmission line protection
Pilot schemes simultaneously measure and monitor system parameters at all terminals of a transmission line, local and remote, and then respond according to their predetermined functions. These schemes require the use of a communications channel that may be provided through… Read more
Mar 13, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Control house at HV/EHV switchyards and substations (construction, layout and functions)
Nowadays, the control house is one of the main parts of every modern HV switchyard and substation. Why? Simply, because substations have grown in complexity and equipment such as circuit breakers, switch disconnectors, CT, VTs, and others must be controlled,…...
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Mar 11, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Primary and secondary power distribution systems (layouts explained)
Primary distribution systems consist of feeders that deliver power from distribution substations to distribution transformers. A feeder usually begins with a feeder breaker at the distribution substation. Many feeders leave substation in a concrete ducts and are routed to a… Read more
Mar 06, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
5 most important aspects of external protection against the effects of lightning
Analysis of the lightning risk takes numerous factors into consideration. This article will shed the light on one of factors – protection of the structures and its five most important aspects: lightning conductors, electrogeometric model, capture surface areas, downconductors and… Read more
Feb 27, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy Generation
What is negative sequence current and how does it affect generator work
As you know, generators and motors are supposed to operate with balanced three-phase loading, but exposure to unbalanced currents is inevitable. Unbalances could arise from many different sources like unbalanced loads, untransposed transmission line construction, faults and open phases, etc…. Read more
Feb 25, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Protection of a transformer directly connected to a transmission line without switchgear
A transformer-feeder include a transformer directly connected to a transmission line circuit without the intermediation of a HV switchgear. The saving in HV switchgear so achieved is unfortunately lowered by increased complication in the necessary protection. The primary requirement is… Read more
Jan 28, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
