Monitoring
Secondary equipment you should always consider when retrofitting existing HV substation
This approach assumes retrofitting and upgrading old substation secondary equipment such as intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), monitoring sensors, power apparatus, communication protocol and operating standards to improve the overall performance or reduce cost without disrupting the continuity of service. For… Read more
Sep 17, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Relay settings and applying high-impedance differential busbar protection scheme
Most of HV busbar faults involve single-phase and earth, but faults may arise from many different causes. The number of faults that stand out is between phases clear of earth. In fact, a large proportion of busbar faults result from… Read more
Sep 12, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Earth fault protection of an AC motor in four different earthing systems
One of the most common faults to occur on a motor is a stator winding fault. Whatever the initial form of the fault (phase phase, etc.) or the cause (cyclic overheating, etc.), the presence of the surrounding metallic frame and… Read more
Sep 10, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Applying CTs in protection schemes for transformers, generators, machines etc.
Various types of instrument transformers are currently in use on the basis of the varied applications of these devices. The construction aspects and sizing play an important role in the selection of proper types of both CTs and VTs. The… Read more
Sep 05, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The zone selective interlocking logic of protection relays
This function significantly reduces the tripping time of the circuit breakers closest to the source. It can be used for zone selective interlocking (ZSI) in closed ring networks. It applies to the phase overcurrent 50/51, directional phase overcurrent 67, ground fault… Read more
Aug 27, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
The fundamentals of protection relay co-ordination and time/current grading principles
Transmission and distribution systems are exposed to overcurrent flow into their elements. In an electric power system, overcurrent or excess current is a situation where a larger than intended electric current exists through a conductor, leading to excessive generation of… Read more
Aug 13, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Generator earthing and stator earth fault protection
Generating unit is a pretty complex system made up of the generator stator winding, its transformer and unit transformer (if present), the rotor with its field winding and excitation system, and the prime mover with its associated auxiliaries. Many different… Read more
Aug 06, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
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Current and voltage digital transformation in a modern substation protection and automation
Developments in communication have done much to realize the digital substation, but to realize a full digital substation it is necessary to have everything in digital form. Whilst much substation protection, control, and automation technology has always been digital (trip…...
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Jul 25, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
How to create a specific neutral earthing system within existing one (islanding)
Each neutral earthing system has advantages and disadvantages for the safety of property, electromagnetic compatibility or continuity of service. The main system must therefore be chosen according to these criteria, but the characteristics of the system, the receivers, and the… Read more
Jul 18, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Using full potential of IEC 61850 with these 2 functions for digital substation automation
Since IEC 61850 was published as an international standard for communication in substations, the standard has found broad acceptance on the markets. In the first substations to use it, the primary aim was successful implementation of existing concepts and solutions… Read more
Jul 04, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
Selection of relay for incoming and outgoing feeders for MV and LV MCC switchgear
Selection of proper relay is one of the most important stages to have a reliable network. In this article, selection of relay for incoming and outgoing feeders for LV switchgear (motor control centers) and MV switchgear up to 33kV has… Read more
Jul 02, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
What is the digital substation and what makes it digital?
The Digital Substation is a term applied to electrical substations where operation is managed between distributed intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) interconnected by communications networks. It became possible by using computing technology in the substation environment. Microprocessors were introduced into substation… Read more
Jun 27, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
Current and voltage transformers (CTs and VTs) as protection’s eyes and ears
The CTs (current transformers) and VTs (voltage transformers) are provided in the plants to reduce the voltage and current values of the plant to values such as to be able to be detected by measurement and protection devices. They also… Read more
Jun 20, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Four ways to bolster the short-circuit withstand capability of HV transformers
There are many methods applied to bolster the short circuit withstand capability of the transformers: improvement of the materials, reforming of the design and good maintenance in the operation process and so on. However, this article deals with methods for… Read more
Jun 13, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
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Critical role of time synchronisation in IEC 61850 based digital protection systems
The needs and exact precision of time synchronization in IEC 61850 based digital protection systems have evolved. With new technologies and better distribution methods, most modern intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) include at least one form of time synchronization. Many devices…...
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This content is not available in your premium membership plan. Please upgrade your plan in order to access this content. You can choose an annually based Basic, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers.With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
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Jun 08, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
