Low Voltage
Why Ground Fault Protection Matters and Which Scheme For Sensing Ground Faults To Choose
A ground fault normally occurs in one of two ways: by accidental contact of an energized conductor with normally grounded metal, or as a result of an insulation failure of an energized conductor. When an insulation failure occurs, the energized… Read more
Mar 19, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Understanding Substation Single Line Diagrams and IEC 61850 Process Bus (Depicting Relay Circuits)
The single line diagram (SLD) is the most basic of the set of diagrams that are used to document the electrical functionality of the substation. Its emphasis is on communicating the functions of the power equipment and the associated protection… Read more
Mar 14, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Reading and Understanding AC and DC Schematics In Protection And Control Relaying
This technical article explains the AC/DC schematic representation of the protection and control systems used on power networks. This includes AC schematics and DC schematics and diagrams that prominently feature relaying. There are other equally important types of drawings that… Read more
Mar 12, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Have you experienced an incorrectly specified CT that can’t be manufactured?
When a CT manufacturer says that he is unable to manufacture the requested CT, nine times out of ten this is because the CT has been incorrectly specified. To eliminate all the cumulated safety margins taken by all the people involved,… Read more
Mar 07, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Achieving Relay Coordination and Selective Short Circuit Protection In Transmission Networks
The selected protection principle affects the operating speed of the protection, which has a significant impact on the harm caused by short circuits. The faster the protection operates, the smaller the resulting hazards, damage and the thermal stress will be…. Read more
Mar 05, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Premium Content
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Meet the Real Heart of Power System Operations – The Transmission Control Center
The transmission control centre is the real heart of every utility’s power system operations. Typical transmission control centres have three main desks – the generation, transmission and scheduling desk. Let’s take look at three main transmission and other support desks…...
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Feb 23, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Essential considerations on the neutral and protective conductor in LV power system
The neutral conductor is a live conductor that is connected to the neutral point of the system and is able to contribute to the transmission of electric power. The neutral point is usually, but not necessarily connected to the star-point… Read more
Feb 19, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
AC Auxiliary Systems In Power Substations (Design Requirements and Equipment)
Substation AC auxiliary systems are typically used to supply loads such as transformer cooling, oil pumps, and load tap changers, circuit breaker air compressors and charging motors, outdoor device heaters, outdoor lighting and receptacles, motor-operated disconnecting switches and control house…. Read more
Feb 14, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Earth Fault Protection On Insulated Networks and Petersen Coil Earthed Networks
There are situations when power system is run completely insulated from earth. The advantage of this is that a single phase-earth fault on the system does not cause any earth fault current to flow, and so the whole system remains… Read more
Feb 12, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
The Essentials Of Numerical Relays, Their Features And Important Considerations
The distinction between digital and numerical relays is particular to Protection. Numerical relays are natural developments of digital relays due to advances in technology. They use one or more digital signal processors (DSP) optimised for real time signal processing, running… Read more
Feb 07, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Four Special Differential Protections And Their Respective CT Requirements
Although the manufacturers of relays dedicated to differential protection impose the necessary CT secondary characteristics required for proper operation, it is useful, for understanding and avoiding errors, to possess minimum knowledge of this type of protection. A differential protection monitors… Read more
Feb 05, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Substation splitting and CB autoclosing for limitation of short-circuit currents
In this article, we describe method and technique of substation splitting and use of circuit breaker autoclosing that may be used for the control and limitation of the magnitude of short-circuit currents in both power system operational and design timescales…....
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This content is not available in your premium membership plan. Please upgrade your plan in order to access this content. You can choose an annually based Basic, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers.With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
Spring Gift! - 20% Off on Pro Membership Plan with coupon 110KVAC
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Feb 02, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Protecting Motor From External Network Disturbances (Unbalance, V/Hz-ratio and Re-Energizing)
Unbalance in the supply voltage is typically due to a broken phase condition somewhere in the upstream network. This may result from single-phase fuse failure or pole discrepancy of a circuit breaker or a disconnector. In addition, unequal loading of… Read more
Jan 29, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
How to control and protect capacitor banks before something goes wrong
The purpose of a capacitor bank’s protective control is to remove the bank from service before any units or any of the elements that make up a capacitor unit are exposed to more than 110% of their voltage rating. When… Read more
Jan 24, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Recommended and commonly applied protection for transformers
The protection that is recommended and commonly applied for transformers is summarized in the following figures. It should be noted and recognized that these are general recommendations, not strict. More or less protection may be applied for any specific situation… Read more
Jan 12, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
