Protection
The essentials of electric shock protection, earthing systems and RCDs
Protection of persons and livestock against electric shock is a fundamental principle in the design of electrical installations in accordance with BS 7671: Requirements for Electrical Installations, commonly known as The IEE Wiring Regulations. Use of the correct earthing system… Read more
Aug 21, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
5 special applications of residual current devices (RCDs)
Normally residual current devices (RCDs) are used for protection against direct and indirect contacts. An RCD can detect low leakage currents that could flow through the body of a person. It thus provides additional protection if the normal protection means… Read more
Aug 16, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
The essentials of MV/HV magnetic voltage transformers
Magnetic voltage transformers are used to provide a secondary signal that is proportional to the actual prevailing primary value. These signals are used to supply measuring instruments, meters, relays and other similar apparatuses. The primary values measured are system currents… Read more
Aug 14, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Ten equipment you MUST recognize in every distribution substation
Distribution substation is a substation from which electric supply is distributed to the different users. In a substation there are numbers of incoming and outgoing circuits each having its isolator, circuit breaker, transformers etc. connected to bus-bar system. These equipment… Read more
Aug 11, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
The most common methods of measuring the resistance of an earth electrode
When an earth electrode system has been designed and installed, it is usually necessary to measure and confirm the earth resistance between the electrode and “true Earth”. The most commonly used method of measuring the earth resistance of an earth… Read more
Aug 09, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
How to install a manual transfer switch for a backup system in 16 steps
A manual transfer switch is installed next to the main service panel to override the normal electrical service with power from a backup generator during a power outage. Manual transfer switches require an operator to change the power source, while… Read more
Aug 02, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
20 Simple Questions to Check Your Overcurrent Protection Knowledge
As you already know, reliable overcurrent protective devices, such as fuses and circuit breakers, prevent or minimize costly damage to transformers, conductors, motors, equipment, and the other many components and loads that make up a complete electrical system. As an… Read more
Jul 31, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Unbalance protection of grounded & ungrounded wye shunt capacitor banks
The protection of shunt capacitor banks against internal faults involves several protective devices in a coordinated scheme. Typically, the protective elements found in a shunt capacitor banks (SCB) for internal faults are: individual fuses (not discussed here), unbalance protection to… Read more
Jul 26, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
What does bonding (bonded) mean and what does NEC article 250 say about it?
The National Electrical Code (NEC) covers grounding and bonding in several articles, but the primary coverage is in Article 250. Typical commercial electrical systems are grounded systems. Within the system, some things are grounded… some things are bonded. The terms… Read more
Jul 21, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
The basics of capacitor banks protection
As you already know, capacitor banks are normally used in medium voltage networks to generate reactive power to industries etc. Capacitor banks are, almost always, equipped with a series reactors to limit the inrush current. Harmonic filters, for thyristor controlled… Read more
Jul 07, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Practice for good grounding and bonding a home wiring system
All home electrical systems must be bonded and grounded according to code standards. This entails two tasks: First, the metal water and gas pipes must be connected electrically to create a continuous low resistance path back to the main electrical… Read more
Jun 19, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Lock-out tag-out practice and seven other steps that save lives
Lock-Out / Tag-Out (LOTO) refers to the specific practices and guidelines to safeguard employees from the unexpected start-up, movement, activation, energizing, release of energy, etc of machinery, equipment, plant, systems during service, maintenance or inspection activities. In short: To protect… Read more
Jun 16, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Pre-commissioning tests and in-service checks of protection system
The pre-commissioning tests need to be carefully programmed so that they take place in a logical and efficient order, in order that no equipment is disturbed again during subsequent tests. Before starting the tests, it is essential to ensure that… Read more
Jun 14, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Monitoring
Philosophy of a good relay protection settings for machines and plants
The objectives of the protection system are: to limit damage to people and to the plant, permit different service conditions, guarantee maximum service continuity for the plant not affected by faults and activate the automatisms provided. The protection relays are normally provided for different objectives… Read more
Jun 09, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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How backup protection is used to improve fault-clearing system in HV networks
All elements in the fault-clearing system do not always operate correctly. Protection relays may fail to operate or may operate unwantedly. Switching devices may fail to interrupt the fault current. Common practice is to use several protection systems operating in…...
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Jun 05, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
