Energy and Power
Three main techniques for mitigating step and touch potential hazards
Mitigating step and touch potential hazards is usually accomplished through one or more of the following three main techniques. Understanding the proper application of discussed techniques is the key to reducing and eliminating any ground potential rise hazards. Contents: Reduction… Read more
Apr 07, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Two main functions of an earth electrode and its installation parameters
The prime function of an earth electrode is the protection of persons. That’s it. It is a fact that we live on Earth! And it is vital to earth exposed metal parts of electrical equipment to avoid electrocution by indirect… Read more
Apr 03, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Five protection relay types used to detect grid disturbances and isolating
Consider a medium voltage distribution system having local generation (e.g., captive power generation) as shown in figure 1 which is also synchronized with the grid. During grid disturbance, if plant generators are not successfully isolated from the grid, they also sink… Read more
Mar 29, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
The analysis of four network schemes in terms of reliability and protection
Before sizing an electric network, the single-line diagram of the electric network must be defined on the basis of: Load – it is considered fundamental to establish the true user and service requirements these are destined for, in terms of quality, availability… Read more
Mar 24, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Generator synchronizing check protective function (ANSI 25 code)
One of the easiest way to damage a generator is to synchronize or parallel out of phase with the electrical system. Out-of-phase synchronizing operations can damage or reduce the remaining life of generator rotors and stationary components. Angular differences as… Read more
Mar 22, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Installation, protection and connection of capacitor banks
In an low voltage electrical installation, capacitor banks can be installed at three different levels: Global installation Segment (or group) installation Individual (or single) installation After installation ways, we’ll discuss about protection and connection of capacitors banks. This installation type assumes… Read more
Mar 20, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
The essentials of directional overcurrent protection in electrical power grid
Why do we use directional overcurrent protection? When does fault current direction become important? Well, electrical power grid comprises a network of power stations, substations and transmission lines. As well as the simple single-end-fed radial system, there are other more… Read more
Jan 30, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Commissioning of protection relays using test equipment and software
Commissioning and maintenance With numerical protection relays commissioning and maintenance has become far less complicated as a result of the information provided by the devices as well as the integrated self-monitoring. The information provided here is restricted to general notes… Read more
Jan 16, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Fundamental overcurrent, distance and differential protection principles
The aim of this technical article is to cover the most important principles of four fundamental relay protections: overcurrent, directional overcurrent, distance and differential for transmission lines, power transformers and busbars. Contents: Principle of overcurrent protection Principle of directional overcurrent protection… Read more
Dec 26, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Metering
A case study of 110/10 kV substation with centralized protection, automation and control system
Centralized substation protection and control has been attempted in the past based on the available technology. This evolution is now at the intersection of sensing, protection and communication technologies, providing the unique opportunity to develop a more reliable and maintainable… Read more
Dec 21, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
The basic calculation of transmission line protection
The excessive currents accompanying a fault, are the basis of overcurrent protection schemes. For transmission line protection in interconnected systems, it is necessary to provide the desired selectivity such that relay operation results in the least service interruption while isolating… Read more
Dec 16, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The principles of differential protection you MUST understand
Although nowadays differential protection is achieved numerically, in order to understand the principles of differential protection it is useful to analyze the ubiquitous electromechanical relay. Figure 1 shows a simple differential protection scheme, also known as a Merz-Price scheme. In this… Read more
Dec 09, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
5 transformer fault conditions and how to protect from them
A number of transformer fault conditions can arise practically in any time following some special situations. These include the following five most common internal faults and few external: earth faults, core faults, interturn faults, tank faults, and external factors. Table… Read more
Nov 23, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Protection from fault current by automatic power supply disconnection
The use of protective conductors linking all the exposed conductive parts of all equipment creates a circuit called the “fault loop” designed for circulation of the fault current that arises following an insulation fault. The fault current may or may… Read more
Nov 21, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Cables
Five key factors to the correct cable selection and application
It is essential to know cable construction, characteristics, and ratings to understand problems related to cable systems. However, to correctly select a cable system and assure its satisfactory operation, additional knowledge is required. This knowledge may consist of service conditions,… Read more
Oct 31, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
