Energy and Power
The Basics Of Circuit Breaker Tripping Units
The main objective of circuit breaker tripping units and protective functions in general is to detect faults and to selectively isolate faulted parts of the system. It must also permit short clearance times to limit the fault power and the… Read more
Dec 21, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Learn To Interpret Single Line Diagram (SLD)
We usually depict the electrical distribution system by a graphic representation called a single line diagram (SLD). A single line can show all or part of a system. It is very versatile and comprehensive because it can depict very simple… Read more
Dec 19, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Distribution of the MV neutral conductor right to the loads
4-wire systems are characterized by distribution of the MV neutral conductor right to the loads. This type of distribution is used in the USA and in certain countries influenced by North America, and is always subject to ANSI regulations. It… Read more
Dec 16, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Metering
Protective relay – The brain that detects abnormal system conditions
For medium voltage circuit breaker applications, protective relay serve as the “brain” that detects abnormal system conditions and direct the circuit breaker to operate. They also serve to provide specialized protection in low voltage power circuit breaker applications for functions… Read more
Dec 12, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Learn How To Specify Current Transformers
Current transformers are used to supply information to the protective relays and/or current, power and energy metering “instruments”. For this purpose they must supply a secondary current proportional to the primary current flowing through them and must be adapted to… Read more
Dec 05, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
HV/MV/LV Transformer Protection Schemes
Transformer protection should take into account the power, voltage, vector group and the importance of the unit within a particular system. Depending on these factors, the transformers can be assigned to one of the two general groups. Let’s see these… Read more
Nov 28, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Automatic transfer system explained in detail (operational requirements)
In a previous article I explained the role of the automatic transfer system and the operational requirements – three modes of operation: manual mode, automatic mode, and auto mode failure. Now let’s cover the following topics and try to explain the concept… Read more
Nov 21, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Automatic Transfer System (ATS) Explained in Details
Using the basic building blocks of utility power, system topology, on-site generation, and uninterruptible power supplies, the basic role of the automatic transfer system may now be defined. In this role, the Automatic Transfer System must display the following characteristics:… Read more
Nov 20, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Secondary Distribution Networks In Urban Areas
A high level of interconnection, either ring or mesh, to ensure a high degree of availability of supply to the consumer, characterises secondary distribution networks in urban areas. Domestic, industrial and commercial consumers will suffer great inconvenience through only a… Read more
Nov 04, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Protection of A.C. Electrified Railways
Many regional, urban and high-speed inter-urban rail networks worldwide are electrified, to provide the motive power for trains (Figure 1). The electrification system serves as the contact interface for current collection by each train, and in A.C. electrified railways as… Read more
Oct 30, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
6 Voltages a Person Can Be Exposed To In a Substation
Figures 1 and 2 show the voltages a person can be exposed to in a substation. There are many definitions related to these voltages, but the following six are the most important. These definitions are: Ground potential rise (GPR) Mesh… Read more
Oct 09, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Surge Protective Devices In TN Systems (Guide For Low Voltage Electricians)
For “protection against electric shock under fault conditions“ in TN systems, overcurrent and residual current devices have been approved. For the use of surge protective devices (SPDs) this means that these protective devices may only be arranged downstream of the… Read more
Sep 25, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
4 Factors To Consider When Selecting a Sectionalizer
Sectionalizers are (beside overcurrent relays, reclosers and fuses) one of the most used for distribution system protection. A sectionalizer is a device that automatically isolates faulted sections of a distribution circuit once an upstream breaker or recloser has interrupted the… Read more
Sep 16, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
The Basics of Electrical Bus Protections
When we examine electrical protection schemes, the best place to start is with electrical bus protections, as they are the easiest to protect. They utilize the fundamental concept of the overcurrent relay (Figure 1). An overcurrent relay is an electromagnetic device in which current in… Read more
Sep 05, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Things About MCBs That Every Low Voltage Electrician Should Know
Miniature circuit breaker – MCB is a thermo-magnetic device, meaning that it has two methods of circuit interruption. A thermal mechanism, usually a bi-metallic strip, provides protection against moderate overcurrent. The heating action of the current causes the bi-metallic strip… Read more
Aug 22, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
