Contract drawings for a power transformer – The checklist you should always follow
This technical article provides a collection of the common drawings that are sent by the manufacturer to the client for approval and reference. The goal of these drawings is to verify that the transformers that are going to be manufactured…...
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Dec 04, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Capacitor banks in substations: Schemes, relay settings, and protective measures
Let’s discuss capacitor banks, but this time, not the basics. Let’s study the double-star capacitor bank configuration and protective techniques used in the substations. How important is to choose the right current transformer ratio, calculate rated and maximum overload currents,…...
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Nov 27, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Auxiliary DC power system used for fault detection, trip coils and remote operation
The auxiliary DC control power system is considered the most crucial element of a protection, control, and monitoring system. The failure of the direct current (DC) control power can result in the inability of fault detection devices to identify faults,… Read more
Nov 20, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Mastering Interlock Logic and Schemes for a Gas-Insulated Substation (132 kV GIS Example)
As we delve deeper into this article, we will explore the various types of interlocking mechanisms used for Gas-Insulated Substation (GIS), their applications in substations, power plants, and electrical installations, as well as their significance in ensuring the sustained safety…...
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Oct 30, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
The loop electrical distribution system used to supply bulk loads (industrial plants and buildings)
First, let’s say a word or two about the essentials of power distribution systems for our young electrical engineers. An electric distribution system, or distribution plant as it is sometimes called, is all of that part of an electric power… Read more
Oct 23, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
A comprehensive guide to voltage transformer (VT) circuit supervision techniques
Voltage transformer supervision, often referred to as VT fuse fail supervision relay, plays a pivotal role in safeguarding electrical systems. Its primary objective is to detect any potential failure within the voltage transformer (VT) circuit. This raises the important question:…...
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Oct 16, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
The art of the transmission switchyard design: The physical layout engineering (Case study included)
This article aims to shed some light on the so-called physical engineering activity in switchyard design in conjunction with some engineering computations. The physical layout engineering tackles the plot plan and SLD to optimize the area and coordinate with all…...
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Oct 02, 2023 | By Salem Alshahrani
Mastering stability test of power transformer: Differential and Restricted Earth Fault (REF) protection
This technical article discusses the essentials of transformer differential protection and restricted earth fault protection schemes, contrasting the two and elaborating on why the latter is necessary. Furthermore, it reveals the outcomes of stability tests performed on a 502 MVA…...
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Sep 25, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
11 factors that significantly influence the transformer price (Be careful when specifying)
The majority of utilities are normally extremely well aware of the economic aspects and savings that can be obtained at all stages of the transformer’s life cycle. This is because the purchase of a transformer involves a very high capital… Read more
Sep 18, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
A comprehensive guide to correct calculation for transformer differential relay settings
In this technical article, we will delve into the comprehensive methodology of calculating the differential relay settings for the GE P642 relay. Each step of the process will be explored, from data collection to final setting determination. By following these…...
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Aug 28, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Eleven most important calculations you can perform with power system analysis software
This technical article we will go through a number of existing applications for conducting a wide range of electrical studies. However, the practice says that studies involving load flow and fault analyses are the most commonly utilized programs in power transmission… Read more
Aug 21, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Never underestimate how important it is to choose the right CT size in fault detection and protection
In the realm of electrical power systems, current transformers (CTs) play a vital role in accurately measuring and monitoring current levels. Proper sizing of CTs is essential to ensure their adequacy and enable reliable operation within specified limits. This article…...
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Aug 14, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
The art of generator synchronization techniques that every true engineer MUST know about
There are two main types of generator synchronization techniques: manual and automatic. The operator performs speed and voltage adjustments on the generator and issues the breaker closure command during a manual synchronization. Manual synchronization, in its purest form, is done…...
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Aug 07, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Advice and warnings for proper handling, earthing and testing of current transformers
Welcome to the third and final part of our comprehensive series on current transformers (CTs) and their secondary circuits. In Parts 1 and 2, we covered various aspects of CT operation, secondary injection testing, burden calculations, CT circuit connections, safety…...
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Jul 31, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Comprehensive Guide to Secondary Injection Testing of the Current Transformers (Part 2)
Welcome to the second part of our three-part series on current transformers (CTs) and their secondary circuits. In Part 1, we explored the fundamental principles of CT operation, the importance of secondary injection testing, the concept of “burden,” considerations for…...
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Jul 03, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
