Electrical Machines
Insulation tests on electric motors and generators: DC High Potential Testing (HiPot)
The objective of this technical article is to provide certain criteria and time intervals for conducting insulation tests on electric motors, generators and other electrical equipment. Testing is done to ensure that the equipment is intact and to provide a… Read more
Nov 06, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Mastering Interlock Logic and Schemes for a Gas-Insulated Substation (132 kV GIS Example)
As we delve deeper into this article, we will explore the various types of interlocking mechanisms used for Gas-Insulated Substation (GIS), their applications in substations, power plants, and electrical installations, as well as their significance in ensuring the sustained safety…...
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Oct 30, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Power Substation
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A comprehensive guide to voltage transformer (VT) circuit supervision techniques
Voltage transformer supervision, often referred to as VT fuse fail supervision relay, plays a pivotal role in safeguarding electrical systems. Its primary objective is to detect any potential failure within the voltage transformer (VT) circuit. This raises the important question:…...
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Oct 16, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Premium Content
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Mastering stability test of power transformer: Differential and Restricted Earth Fault (REF) protection
This technical article discusses the essentials of transformer differential protection and restricted earth fault protection schemes, contrasting the two and elaborating on why the latter is necessary. Furthermore, it reveals the outcomes of stability tests performed on a 502 MVA…...
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Sep 25, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Maintenance
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Field secrets and warnings in power transformer mechanical check and visual inspection
Let’s discuss the visual and mechanical inspection procedures for oil-filled power transformers. It’s important, very important to examine a variety of key checkpoints, both external and internal to transformers, all based on the IEC 60076 standard. Each item on the…...
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Sep 11, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Power Substation
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Never underestimate how important it is to choose the right CT size in fault detection and protection
In the realm of electrical power systems, current transformers (CTs) play a vital role in accurately measuring and monitoring current levels. Proper sizing of CTs is essential to ensure their adequacy and enable reliable operation within specified limits. This article…...
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Aug 14, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Maintenance
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A detailed checklist for the installation and commissioning of Gas-Insulated Substations (GIS)
Gas-insulated substations (GIS) are critical components of modern electrical power systems, providing efficient and compact solutions for the transmission and distribution of electricity. These substations utilize sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas as an insulating and arc-quenching medium, offering several advantages over…...
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Jul 17, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Maintenance
Choosing between AIS and GIS substation design: Factors you MUST take into consideration
For the last sixty years, gas-insulated substation (GIS) has been used in applications related to substations all over the world, and this use of the technology is becoming an increasingly common asset for those who make use of substations. GIS… Read more
Jul 10, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Comprehensive Guide to Secondary Injection Testing of the Current Transformers (Part 2)
Welcome to the second part of our three-part series on current transformers (CTs) and their secondary circuits. In Part 1, we explored the fundamental principles of CT operation, the importance of secondary injection testing, the concept of “burden,” considerations for…...
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Jul 03, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Power Substation
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Comprehensive Guide to Secondary Injection Testing of the Current Transformers (Part 1)
Welcome to the first part of our three-part series on current transformers (CTs) and their secondary circuits. In this series, we will delve into the intricacies of CT operation, explore the importance of secondary injection testing, examine the concept of…...
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Jun 19, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Power Substation
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The good and bad practices in the commissioning of current transformers in a substation
In the previous technical article (check here), we delved into primary injection testing and the commissioning of current transformers. We explored the primary and secondary sides of current transformers, learned key concepts and terminology used by protection engineers, and examined…...
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Jun 05, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Power Substation
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Primary injection testing and CTs commissioning in power substations (for true engineers)
Primary injection testing is a vital procedure in the commissioning and maintenance of current transformers (CTs). These transformers are integral components of electrical systems, enabling precise measurement and effective protection of electrical currents. In this article, we will explore the…...
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May 29, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Power Substation
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Thumb rules, dos and don’ts in MV/HV switchgear testing and commissioning
No matter the approach, it is necessary that the testing engineers who will be responsible for commissioning the switchgear have a solid comprehension of the equipment that will be utilized and the various modes of operation that will be utilized…....
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May 22, 2023 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Dos and don’ts in creating operation logic diagrams for LV and MV switchgear feeders
Dealing with the switchgear operation logic diagrams is like setting the brain functions. It needs vigilance and patience from design engineer supported with hours and hours of testing and operation simulations. This technical article brings some light to the essence…...
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May 15, 2023 | By Muhammad Kashif
Power Substation
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Design Knowhow: Low voltage substation layouts, earthing, fire protection and tests
The design of a low-voltage substation is a pretty complex and quite exciting job to do. If the designer would have complete freedom to make decisions regarding the substation layout, equipment, or cable routes, the job will be even more…...
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Apr 03, 2023 | By Mohammed Ayman
