Power Substation
The most common failure modes of electrical equipment in distribution systems
Each piece of electrical equipment on a distribution system has a probability of failing. When first installed, a piece of equipment can fail due to poor manufacturing, damage during shipping, or improper installation. Healthy equipment can fail due to extreme… Read more
May 10, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
Premium Content
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My worst experience in testing and commissioning power transformers (and how I fixed things up)
Reliable and secure electric power delivery is dependent on power transformers’ reliability that is enhanced significantly by sound test plans. These test plans shall be prepared by both manufacturers and end-users to develop thorough and effective plans and specifications. The…...
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Apr 29, 2021 | By Salem Alshahrani
Protection
Three basic principles of differential protection you SHOULD properly understand
The three basic principles of differential protection explained in this article, which has been known for decades, are still applicable and independent of the specific device technology. The differential protection compares the measured values with regard to magnitude and phase…. Read more
Mar 29, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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The mystery of nuisance tripping incidents in transformer protection that worry engineers
This technical article deals with transformer failure incidents due to nuisance tripping caused by various design flaws, operational conditions, or improper protection relay settings. The focus is on differential protection and ground protection, as they account for a considerable number…...
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Feb 22, 2021 | By Salem Alshahrani
Maintenance
Troubleshooting Buchholz relay and recommended actions during transformer operation
This technical article provides guidance on the possible causes of Buchholz relay operation and recommends actions following the receipt of a Buchholz surge trip or gas collection alarm. It covers both operational situations and situations that arise during the commissioning… Read more
Feb 15, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Exciting and inrush currents in transformers that often make protection relays go crazy
If normal voltage is impressed across the primary terminals of a transformer with its secondary open-circuited, a small exciting current flows. This exciting current consists of two components, the loss component and the magnetizing component. The loss component is in… Read more
Dec 07, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
How primary feeder, distribution transformer, fuses and service operate in radial networks
As we already know, distribution transformers step down from the distribution or primary feeder voltage to the utilization voltage. They are connected to the primary feeder, sub-feeders, and laterals through primary fuses or fused cutouts. The primary fuse disconnects its… Read more
Oct 12, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Hints on installation and commissioning power transformers (experience and recommendations)
Purchasing a power transformer for a project is always challenging for every electrical engineer dealing with the procurement. You could omit dozens of possible details from the final specification and get crucified by the company management if you accidentally forget…...
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Sep 28, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
How to shrink three-phase AC high voltage substation and optimize cost and space
Nowadays, when every cent is essential when building a substation, it is imperative to optimize each HV equipment without compromising functionality. This technical article deals with a few solutions to optimize high voltage switchgear in terms of space and cost…. Read more
Jul 06, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
The impact of interconnection transformer on the protection of the utility system with DG
Interconnection transformers are used to interface a distribution generation (DG) unit with an existing power system, and to provide the necessary isolation. Utilities recommend using an interconnection transformer to eliminate possible zero sequence or dc components in the generated voltages,… Read more
Jun 03, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
Transformer connections you are not allowed to forget
Transformers used in power substations or a power system could be a bank of three single-phase transformers connected in either star/delta or star/star etc., or could be a single three-phase transformer with a single core. Normally for large capacity transformers,… Read more
May 20, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
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Practical tips for the protection of generators and power transformers
There are usually several ways of protecting HV/MV generators and transformers. It should be noted that one protection relay is often used for several functions, for example, an overcurrent relay can be used for both overcurrent and earth fault protection…....
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Apr 17, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Best relay protection practices applied to shunt reactors, capacitors, SVCs and STATCOMs
This technical article explains the protection practices applied to shunt reactors and capacitors as well as to static var compensators (SVCs) and static compensators (STATCOMs). Dry-type and oil-immersed reactors usually use overcurrent, negative sequence, percentage differential, or impedance relays depending… Read more
Mar 11, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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An overview of transformer connections and diagrams in the electric power system
Power transformers are used extensively by traditional electric utility companies, power plants, and industrial plants. This technical article summarizes the basic types, connections, and diagrams of transformers needed for analyzing the electrical transmission and distribution systems. Analyzing electric power systems,…...
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This content is not available in your premium membership plan. Please upgrade your plan in order to access this content. You can choose an annually based Basic, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers.With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
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Mar 05, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
Maintenance
The art of transformer maintenance, inspection and repair (recommended practices)
The primary purpose of transformer maintenance is to ensure the internal and external parts of the transformer and accessories are kept in good condition and “fit for purpose” and able to operate safely at all times. A secondary and equally… Read more
Feb 10, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi
