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Connections and working principles of three-phase distribution transformers
A three-phase service can be supplied by one three-phase transformer unit or by interconnecting three single-phase transformer units. One three-phase unit is smaller than an equivalent size bank consisting of three single-phase units. One three-phase transformer tends to be used…...
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Feb 08, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Safety
People response to short-term exposure to electric fields of AC transmission lines
Short-term exposures to electric fields produced by AC transmission lines and stations can be pretty serious and may be classified according to the type of effect causing a sensation in people. Information in this article is taken from the study… Read more
Jan 30, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Protection of a transformer directly connected to a transmission line without switchgear
A transformer-feeder include a transformer directly connected to a transmission line circuit without the intermediation of a HV switchgear. The saving in HV switchgear so achieved is unfortunately lowered by increased complication in the necessary protection. The primary requirement is… Read more
Jan 28, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Quality
Six MV/HV applications of series capacitors for improving the power quality
Series capacitors are connected in series in the circuit and therefore carry the full transmission line current. The series capacitor is actually a negative reactance in series with a transmission line. The voltage rise across the capacitor is a function… Read more
Jan 23, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
The basic things about substations you MUST know in the middle of the night!
To explain in very simple words, I would say that substation is a bunch of electrical devices gathered and connected in one place. On top are clever electrical devices who control and protect others in order to everything work properly…. Read more
Jan 09, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
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Directional protection relays applied to multiple power sources, parallel circuits and loops
Directional protection is usually applied to distribution systems that contain multiple power sources, parallel circuits and rings/loops. For such systems it is absolutely necessary to have protection against fault currents that could circulate in both directions, avoiding disconnection of unnecessary…...
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Dec 27, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
The Essentials Of Voltage Transformers (Advanced Theory and Practice)
The most common voltage sources for power system measurements and protections are either wound transformers (voltage transformers) or capacitive divider devices (capacitor voltage transformers or bushing potential devices). Some new applications of resistor dividers and magneto-optic technologies are also becoming… Read more
Dec 19, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Typical utility-consumer interconnection configurations
The utility-consumer interconnection provides the path for power flow between supplier (utility) and user (consumer). The interconnection may comprise one or more circuits and is assumed to include voltage transformation. For the purposes of this guide, the interconnection extends from… Read more
Dec 10, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
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The logic behind switchgear interlocking systems in substations
Switchgear interlocking is installed to protect both the equipment and the operator from dangerous situations caused by incorrect equipment operation. It can be categorized as operational interlocking and safety, or maintenance, interlocking. However interlocking logic is not always easy to…...
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This content is not available in your premium membership plan. Please upgrade your plan in order to access this content. You can choose an annually based Basic, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers.With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
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Dec 07, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Connection schematics of voltage transformers for protective applications
Voltage transformers would have primaries that are either connected directly to the power system (VTs) or across a section of a capacitor string connected between phase and ground (coupling capacitor voltage transformers – CCVTs). Typical units are illustrated in Figure… Read more
Nov 28, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Ground faults in ungrounded systems (risks & detection)
Ungrounded systems are power systems with no intentionally applied grounding. However, they are grounded by the natural capacitance of the system to ground. Thus, the fault current level is very low, such that equipment damage is minimal. It is not… Read more
Nov 05, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Eight most important distance relay characteristics (based on impedance comparison)
Some numerical relays measure the absolute fault impedance and then determine whether operation is required according to impedance boundaries defined on the R/X diagram. Traditional distance relays and numerical relays that emulate the impedance elements of traditional relays do not… Read more
Oct 31, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
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Four special capacitor applications in EHV systems you should know about
There are many other applications in the industry where capacitors are used for power factor correction or energy storage purposes. These include arc furnaces, resistance welding equipment, single-phase capacitor start, capacitor run motors, lighting applications and special applications of capacitors…...
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This content is not available in your premium membership plan. Please upgrade your plan in order to access this content. You can choose an annually based Basic, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers.With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
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Oct 26, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Short circuit phenomenon you should properly understand
A short circuit in an electrical circuit is a part of the circuit that for some reasons has become “shorter” than it should be. The current in an electrical circuit flows the easiest way and if two points in a… Read more
Oct 03, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Relay settings and applying high-impedance differential busbar protection scheme
Most of HV busbar faults involve single-phase and earth, but faults may arise from many different causes. The number of faults that stand out is between phases clear of earth. In fact, a large proportion of busbar faults result from… Read more
Sep 12, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
