Power Substation
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Control house at HV/EHV switchyards and substations (construction, layout and functions)
Nowadays, the control house is one of the main parts of every modern HV switchyard and substation. Why? Simply, because substations have grown in complexity and equipment such as circuit breakers, switch disconnectors, CT, VTs, and others must be controlled,…...
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Mar 11, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Primary and secondary power distribution systems (layouts explained)
Primary distribution systems consist of feeders that deliver power from distribution substations to distribution transformers. A feeder usually begins with a feeder breaker at the distribution substation. Many feeders leave substation in a concrete ducts and are routed to a… Read more
Mar 06, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
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Why more and more automation in power distribution? Aren’t we already automated?
One may wonder why is everybody talking more and more about automation in power distribution. Aren’t we already automated? Well, we are not. It can always be better, faster, with more possibilities and more optimized. This is something that pushes…...
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Feb 28, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy Generation
What is negative sequence current and how does it affect generator work
As you know, generators and motors are supposed to operate with balanced three-phase loading, but exposure to unbalanced currents is inevitable. Unbalances could arise from many different sources like unbalanced loads, untransposed transmission line construction, faults and open phases, etc…. Read more
Feb 25, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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Learn to recognize T&D pylons, foundations, insulators, cables, bushings and arresters
Recognizing the type of transmission & distribution pylons and their equipment is kind of hard if you don’t know where to look for. There are many variations that look similar and you must have sharp eyes to see the details…....
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Feb 20, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
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Connections and working principles of three-phase distribution transformers
A three-phase service can be supplied by one three-phase transformer unit or by interconnecting three single-phase transformer units. One three-phase unit is smaller than an equivalent size bank consisting of three single-phase units. One three-phase transformer tends to be used…...
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Feb 08, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Safety
People response to short-term exposure to electric fields of AC transmission lines
Short-term exposures to electric fields produced by AC transmission lines and stations can be pretty serious and may be classified according to the type of effect causing a sensation in people. Information in this article is taken from the study… Read more
Jan 30, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Protection of a transformer directly connected to a transmission line without switchgear
A transformer-feeder include a transformer directly connected to a transmission line circuit without the intermediation of a HV switchgear. The saving in HV switchgear so achieved is unfortunately lowered by increased complication in the necessary protection. The primary requirement is… Read more
Jan 28, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Quality
Six MV/HV applications of series capacitors for improving the power quality
Series capacitors are connected in series in the circuit and therefore carry the full transmission line current. The series capacitor is actually a negative reactance in series with a transmission line. The voltage rise across the capacitor is a function… Read more
Jan 23, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
The basic things about substations you MUST know in the middle of the night!
To explain in very simple words, I would say that substation is a bunch of electrical devices gathered and connected in one place. On top are clever electrical devices who control and protect others in order to everything work properly…. Read more
Jan 09, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
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Directional protection relays applied to multiple power sources, parallel circuits and loops
Directional protection is usually applied to distribution systems that contain multiple power sources, parallel circuits and rings/loops. For such systems it is absolutely necessary to have protection against fault currents that could circulate in both directions, avoiding disconnection of unnecessary…...
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Dec 27, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
The Essentials Of Voltage Transformers (Advanced Theory and Practice)
The most common voltage sources for power system measurements and protections are either wound transformers (voltage transformers) or capacitive divider devices (capacitor voltage transformers or bushing potential devices). Some new applications of resistor dividers and magneto-optic technologies are also becoming… Read more
Dec 19, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Typical utility-consumer interconnection configurations
The utility-consumer interconnection provides the path for power flow between supplier (utility) and user (consumer). The interconnection may comprise one or more circuits and is assumed to include voltage transformation. For the purposes of this guide, the interconnection extends from… Read more
Dec 10, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
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The logic behind switchgear interlocking systems in substations
Switchgear interlocking is installed to protect both the equipment and the operator from dangerous situations caused by incorrect equipment operation. It can be categorized as operational interlocking and safety, or maintenance, interlocking. However interlocking logic is not always easy to…...
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Dec 07, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Connection schematics of voltage transformers for protective applications
Voltage transformers would have primaries that are either connected directly to the power system (VTs) or across a section of a capacitor string connected between phase and ground (coupling capacitor voltage transformers – CCVTs). Typical units are illustrated in Figure… Read more
Nov 28, 2018 | By Edvard Csanyi
