Energy and Power
How To Calculate and Draw a Single Line Diagram For The Power System
This technical article explains how to calculate and draw a single line diagram of the three-phase, 60-Hz system power system with generators, motors, transformers and lines. The following components comprise a simplified version of a power system, listed in sequential… Read more
Nov 01, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Three Applications Of Capacitor Banks Used To Correct The Load Power Factor
Capacitors are used in industrial premises for two basic functions: the first, to correct the load power factor, usually to meet the supplying authority’s supply requirements and avoid tariff penalties if the required power factor is not met, and the… Read more
Oct 27, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Differential protection of transformers, machines, busbars, lines and feeders
Differential protection is very useful method of protection that can be applied to the protection of any network component, such as transformers, machines, busbars, lines and feeders. The differential relay compares the incoming phase currents of an object to the… Read more
Oct 16, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
The Structure of Electric Power Systems: Energy Generation, Distribution and Transmission
From a general perspective, an electric power system is usually understood as a very large network that links power plants (large or small) to loads, by means of an electric grid that may span a whole continent, such as Europe… Read more
Oct 09, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Industrial Automation
The Basics of Hardware and Software for SCADA Systems You Should Know About
As it is known, the SCADA systems are able to measure and monitor different parameters and variables, such as: the level of liquids, the volume of the gases, the volumetric flow rate, the mass of liquids and gases, the pressure,… Read more
Oct 02, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Substation ownership demarcation between the utility and the plant (considerations & issues)
The substation ownership demarcation between the utility and the plant is very important and should be determined carefully. Specific ownership of the substation and associated equipment may be a complicated issue that may be determined by a number of conditions… Read more
Sep 18, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Installing a submarine transmission cable, how they do it
Installing a submarine transmission cable is a costly and challenging activity. The lifetime of a submarine cable might be tens of years and the technical interventions for its repairing in case of faults are also costly and difficult. Therefore the… Read more
Sep 11, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Transmission and Distribution
The basics of primary distribution circuits (substation branches, feeders…)
Distribution circuits come in many different configurations and circuit lengths. Most share many common characteristics. Figure 1 shows a typical distribution circuit, and Table 1 shows typical parameters of a distribution circuit. A feeder is one of the circuits out… Read more
Aug 28, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Transmission and Distribution
Automation of secondary distribution networks in rural areas
The challenges in network automation for rural areas are similar to those in urban areas, however the network topology may be very different. A typical conventional network topology is shown in Figure 1. Due to relatively sparse population, feeders are… Read more
Jul 12, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
SCADA
Why functional specification is essential for success of a SCADA project
Well documenting the SCADA system requirements is probably the single most significant contributor to the success of a SCADA project. It may seem obvious but let’s say it anyway: writing the Functional Specification must occur BEFORE design work on a… Read more
Jun 23, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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How backup protection is used to improve fault-clearing system in HV networks
All elements in the fault-clearing system do not always operate correctly. Protection relays may fail to operate or may operate unwantedly. Switching devices may fail to interrupt the fault current. Common practice is to use several protection systems operating in…...
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Jun 05, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Auto-reclose schemes for re-energising the line after a fault trip
Faults on overhead lines fall into one of three categories: transient, semi-permanent and permanent. 80-90% of faults on any overhead line network are transient in nature. The remaining 10%-20% of faults are either semi-permanent or permanent. Transient faults are commonly… Read more
May 15, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Cables
Sizing calculations for 20/3.3 kV, 12.5 MVA transformer feeder cable
Typical calculations for a 20kV transformer feeder cable are presented below. After correct cable voltage classification the following considerations apply: Current carrying capacity Short circuit rating Voltage drop Earth loop impedance Consider a 20/3.3 kV, 12.5 MVA transformer to be… Read more
May 08, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Generator synchronizing check protective function (ANSI 25 code)
One of the easiest way to damage a generator is to synchronize or parallel out of phase with the electrical system. Out-of-phase synchronizing operations can damage or reduce the remaining life of generator rotors and stationary components. Angular differences as… Read more
Mar 22, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Do you know what ground potential rise is? It’s really important.
First of all, ground potential rise is very important and very dangerous event. The grounding engineer will be required to develop safety systems to protect any personnel working where ground potential rise hazards are known to exist. Federal law mandates… Read more
Feb 22, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
