High Voltage
Autoreclosing in Transmission and Distribution Systems
Two main functions of Utility Electric System Operations department are Control and Protection. Control function deals with all operational aspects involved in efficient and optimal dispatching of available real power (with reactive power support) from the Generating units (and reactive… Read more
Jul 15, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
Transmission and Distibution Overhead Circuit Faults
Overhead (OH) Transmission circuits are usually HV level (110kV or 115kV and more) to EHV levels (230kV and beyond) and UHV levels (765kV and beyond). OH Distribution systems involve sub-transmission system circuits like 66kV down to 11kV….some times as low… Read more
Jul 11, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
FACTS – Flexible AC Transmission Systems
The acronym FACTS stands for “flexible AC transmission systems”. These systems add some of the virtues of DC, i.e., phase independence and fast controllability, to AC transmission by means of electronic controllers. Such controllers can be shunt or series connected… Read more
Jun 21, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
Reducing Distribution Line Losses
One of the main benefits of applying capacitors is that they can reduce distribution line losses. Losses come from current through the resistance of conductors. Some of that current transmits real power, but some flows to supply reactive power. Reactive… Read more
Jun 19, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Transmission and Distribution
Sag and tension of transmission and distribution lines
The energized conductors of transmission and distribution lines must be placed to totally eliminate the possibility of injury to people. Overhead conductors, however, elongate with time, temperature, and tension, thereby changing their original positions after installation. Despite the effects of… Read more
Jun 17, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
Bus Switching Configurations In Air Insulated Substations (AIS)
Various factors affect the reliability of a substation, one of which is the arrangement of the switching devices. Arrangement of the switching devices will impact maintenance, protection, initial substation development, and cost. There are six types of substation bus switching… Read more
May 05, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
How HV transmission lines affects humans and plants?
By increasing population of the world, towns are expanding, many buildings construct near high voltage overhead power transmission lines. The increase of power demand has increased the need for transmitting huge amount of power over long distances. Large transmission lines… Read more
Mar 20, 2012 | By Jignesh Parmar
High Voltage
Using HVDC Technology For Transmitting Electricity
An alternate means of transmitting electricity is to use high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology. As the name implies, HVDC uses direct current to transmit power. Direct current facilities are connected to HVAC systems by means of rectifiers, which convert alternating… Read more
Mar 05, 2012 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
Types of neutral earthing in power distribution (part 2)
Resistance grounding has been used in three-phase industrial applications for many years and it resolves many of the problems associated with solidly grounded and ungrounded systems. Resistance Grounding Systems limits the phase-to-ground fault currents. Continued from Types of neutral earthing… Read more
Feb 09, 2012 | By Jignesh Parmar
Electrical Lectures
Types of neutral earthing in power distribution (part 1)
In the early power systems were mainly Neutral ungrounded due to the fact that the first ground fault did not require the tripping of the system. An unscheduled shutdown on the first ground fault was particularly undesirable for continuous process… Read more
Feb 06, 2012 | By Jignesh Parmar
Energy and Power
Flexible AC Transmission System – What and Why?
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) have been evolving to a mature technology with high power rating. This technology has wide spread application, became a top rate, most reliable one, based on power electronics. The main purpose of these systems is… Read more
Dec 05, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Transmission and Distribution
What is the reason beyond three phase transmission?
As the need for increased transmission line capacity have forced power utility and owner to maximize power density in existing transmission corridors. Many experienced have already been done on this, one way to get to this goal (increased capacity), is… Read more
Nov 28, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
North American versus European distribution systems
Distribution systems around the world have evolved into different forms. The two main designs are North American and European. For both forms, hardware is much the same: conductors, cables, insulators, surge arresters, regulators, and transformers are very similar. Both systems… Read more
Nov 17, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Energy Demand Factor, Diversity Factor, Utilization Factor, and Load Factor
This technical article duscusses the five most important factors that are employed in the energy management: Demand Factor, Diversity Factor, Load Factor, Utilization Factor, and Coincidence Factor. The management of energy demand requires the efficient utilization of energy resources, the… Read more
Nov 14, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
Cables
Understanding Underground Electric Transmission Cables
Underground cables have different technical requirements than overhead lines and have different environmental impacts. Due to their different physical, environmental, and construction needs, underground transmission generally costs more and may be more complicated to construct than overhead lines. The design… Read more
Sep 21, 2011 | By Bipul Raman
