Power Substation
How to avoid unnecessary replacement of a switchgear by limiting short-circuit fault current
Short-circuit fault current limiters come in a variety of kinds for use in low, medium, high, and extra high voltage systems. Some have been in service for many years, such as the traditional limited series reactor. Other technologies, such as… Read more
Aug 29, 2022 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Inside the power grid collapse and measures for preventing voltage instability and loss
The problem of voltage stability and voltage collapse has been studied and investigated for some decades now. A number of incidents have appeared around the world and some intensive work has been made to better understand the phenomena and to… Read more
Aug 15, 2022 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Breaker failure protection applications of modern numerical distance relays
Modern numerical distance relays are equipped with a wide range of protection features, including overcurrent, overvoltage, undervoltage, underfrequency, overfrequency, breaker failure, synchronism check, power swing blocking and tripping, pilot protection schemes, digital relay-to-relay communications capability, logic programmability, and sophisticated math… Read more
Aug 01, 2022 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Secrets and warnings in operation and maintenance of a Gas Insulated Substation (GIS)
After its inception in the mid-1960s, GIS technology has become a remarkable success over a wide range of high voltage applications up to 800 kV. Reliable operation and compact size have been its main advantages over its conventional air-insulated counterparts…....
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Jul 11, 2022 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Protection
Shunt reactor fundamentals: Connections in the substation, switching and protection practice
Due to changes in the generation and load structure, the transmission and distribution networks are always encountering new challenges. Many regions, for example, are gradually changing their power networks, such as expanding generation, joining local/regional grids, and moving from overhead… Read more
Jun 20, 2022 | By Edvard Csanyi
Premium Content
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Hints for a good design of an optical communication system for a transmission line network
Communication networks are an integral part of interconnected transmission lines in a power grid, analogous to the spinal cord for control signal and information exchange among substations, data hubs, and load dispatch centers. This article covers the major trend and…...
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May 09, 2022 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Maintenance
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Capacitor banks protection, cautions and maintenance tips
It would not be wrong to say that humanity has never consumed so much electricity, and to make the paradox bigger, there is still a lack of energy. The sharp increase in consumption in the last couple of decades has…...
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Apr 04, 2022 | By Rahmatullah Alam
Power Substation
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Where to start with the design of 132/33 kV substation switchgear and protection systems
The step-down substations make up for more than 80% of total grid substations and are the focal point of sub-transmission and distribution systems. Usually, HV substations within the power transmission grid are assigned with the dual function of switching and…...
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Mar 21, 2022 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Power Substation
The essentials of necessary auxiliary relays in tripping and control applications
Tripping circuit breakers and operating alarms in control and protection applications usually require more than one relay contact. Tripping relays are used to multiply the number of contacts available, provide isolation between the source and system operating element and meet… Read more
Feb 28, 2022 | By Edvard Csanyi
Cables
Parameters of generators, transformers, lines and cables for vars, voltage and loads control
For a power system to operate efficiently and securely, the importance of the correct and coordinated provision and control of reactive power cannot be overemphasised. It is necessary to examine reactive power requirements under both steady-state and dynamic conditions. Although… Read more
Jan 31, 2022 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Eight most damaging overvoltages in industrial systems (root causes and prevention)
Electric insulation in energized systems is continuously under stress. Electric systems are subject to disturbances of many types which unavoidably produce overvoltages. However, the application engineer has at his command many system design principles which will greatly curb the magnitude… Read more
Dec 20, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Guidelines for HV substation designers to properly analyze, size and select equipment
Irrespective of the voltage level and capacity of any substation, the numbers of equipment and their size are usually the major factors in determining the overall capital cost of substations. In this article, we will primarily focus on analytical skills…...
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Dec 13, 2021 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Energy and Power
How to modernize a power system while carrying the cost (examples of existing plant)
Existing power systems are often modernized although there is no expansion involved at the moment. The switchgear may be obsolete, representing a real hazard to the operating personnel and property. The circuit breakers may also have an inadequate interrupting capacity…. Read more
Dec 06, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
Hydropower
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Major steps in designing generation and power evacuation in large hydropower plants
Hydropower plants, one of the major sources of energy in countries with an abundance of water resources, have unique generation and power evacuation characteristics. From mere kilowatts to thousands of megawatts, they come in every shape and size. In this…...
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Nov 15, 2021 | By Bishal Lamichhane
Energy and Power
How to select grounding point(s) and how many generator or transformer neutrals to use
In grounding the neutral of a power system, the advantages outlined will be achieved provided that proper attention is given to the impedance of the circuit from system neutral to ground. This circuit is illustrated in Figure 1 for the… Read more
Nov 08, 2021 | By Edvard Csanyi
