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Home / Technical Articles / Basic construction of 3-phase AC induction motors you should know

3-phase AC induction motors

For industrial and mining applications, 3-phase AC induction motors are the prime movers for the vast majority of machines. These motors can be operated either directly from the mains or from adjustable variable frequency drives.

In modern industrialized countries, more than half the total electrical energy used in those countries is converted to mechanical energy through AC induction motors.

Basic construction of 3-phase AC induction motors you should know
Basic construction of 3-phase AC induction motors you should know (photo credit: capolight.wordpress.com)

The applications for these motors cover almost every stage of manufacturing and processing.

Applications also extend to commercial buildings and the domestic environment. They are used to drive pumps, fans, compressors, mixers, agitators, mills, conveyors, crushers, machine tools, cranes, etc, etc.

It is not surprising to find that this type of electric motor is so popular, when one considers its simplicity, reliability and low cost. In the last decade, it has become increasingly common practice to use 3-phase squirrel cage AC induction motors with variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) converters for variable speed drive (VSD) applications.

To clearly understand how the VSD system works, it is necessary to understand the principles of operation of this type of motor.

Although the basic design of induction motors has not changed very much in the last 50 years, modern insulation materials, computer based design optimization techniques and automated manufacturing methods have resulted in motors of smaller physical size and lower cost per kW.

International standardization of physical dimensions and frame sizes means that motors from most manufacturers are physically interchangeable and they have similar performance characteristics.

The reliability of squirrel cage AC induction motors, compared to DC motors, is high. The only parts of the squirrel cage motor that can wear are the bearings. Sliprings and brushes are not required for this type of construction. Improvements in modern prelubricated bearing design have extended the life of these motors.

Although single-phase AC induction motors are quite popular and common for low power applications up to approx 2.2 kW, these are seldom used in industrial and mining applications. Single-phase motors are more often used for domestic applications.

The information in this article applies mainly to 3-phase squirrel cage AC induction motors, which is the type most commonly used with VVVF converters.


Basic construction

The AC induction motor comprises 2 electromagnetic parts:

  • Stationary part called the stator
  • Rotating part called the rotor, supported at each end on bearings

The stator and the rotor are each made up of:

  • An electric circuit, usually made of insulated copper or aluminum, to carry current
  • A magnetic circuit, usually made from laminated steel, to carry magnetic flux

The stator

The stator is the outer stationary part of the motor, which consists of:

  • The outer cylindrical frame of the motor, which is made either of welded sheet steel, cast iron or cast aluminum alloy. This may include feet or a flange for mounting.
  • The magnetic path, which comprises a set of slotted steel laminations pressed into the cylindrical space inside the outer frame. The magnetic path is laminated to reduce eddy currents, lower losses and lower heating.
  • A set of insulated electrical windings, which are placed inside the slots of the laminated magnetic path. The cross-sectional area of these windings must be large enough for the power rating of the motor. For a 3-phase motor, 3 sets of windings are required, one for each phase.
Figure 1: Stator and rotor laminations
Figure 1: Stator and rotor laminations

The rotor

This is the rotating part of the motor. As with the stator above, the rotor consists of a set of slotted steel laminations pressed together in the form of a cylindrical magnetic path and the electrical circuit. The electrical circuit of the rotor can be either:

  • Wound rotor type, which comprises 3 sets of insulated windings with connections brought out to 3 sliprings mounted on the shaft. The external connections to the rotating part are made via brushes onto the sliprings. Consequently, this type of motor is often referred to as a slipring motor.
  • Squirrel cage rotor type, which comprises a set of copper or aluminum bars installed into the slots, which are connected to an end-ring at each end of the rotor. The construction of these rotor windings resembles a ‘squirrel cage’. Aluminum rotor bars are usually die-cast into the rotor slots, which results in a very rugged construction. Even though the aluminum rotor bars are in direct contact with the steel laminations, practically all the rotor current flows through the aluminum bars and not in the laminations.

The other parts

The other parts, which are required to complete the induction motor are:

  • Two end-flanges to support the two bearings, one at the drive-end (DE) and the other at the non drive-end (NDE)
  • Two bearings to support the rotating shaft, at DE and NDE
  • Steel shaft for transmitting the torque to the load
  • Cooling fan located at the NDE to provide forced cooling for the stator and rotor
  • Terminal box on top or either side to receive the external electrical connections
Figure 2: Assembly details of a typical AC induction motor
Figure 2: Assembly details of a typical AC induction motor

How induction motors work (VIDEO)

Reference // Practical Variable Speed Drives and Power Electronics by Malcolm Barnes

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Edvard Csanyi

Electrical engineer, programmer and founder of EEP. Highly specialized for design of LV/MV switchgears and LV high power busbar trunking (<6300A) in power substations, commercial buildings and industry facilities. Professional in AutoCAD programming.

15 Comments


  1. Paul TAU
    Mar 31, 2020

    Hi sir please kindly help me with this question? A 3phase 415v 50hz 37kw teco motor. Foot mounting. My terminal box is on the other side of the stator. Is it OK for me to TURN the stator around non drive end to drive end?


  2. I Jayaprakash
    Jan 03, 2019

    I can’t explain in words the way it helped me to understand in very practical way and easy to understand thanks alootttt… for developers of this portal thank u very much and I wish keep improving…


  3. Amit joshi
    Aug 11, 2018

    Taper type rotor and motor I require for lifting equipment where to get


  4. Sridhar
    Dec 24, 2015

    Very good explanation, request to elaborate more on “A set of insulated electrical windings” it’s arrangement, internal wiring between sets and overlapping direction etc.


  5. Rohan
    Aug 01, 2015

    Edvard sir..i wan to construct an 3 phase induction motor..as my project..i need ur help..mail-id- [email protected]


  6. jonhy
    May 18, 2015

    Is this the motor that invent Nikola Tesla?


  7. Shital
    Sep 19, 2014

    I want cut section of electric induction ac motor


  8. khushboo
    Jun 15, 2014

    This is really good for me to learn for exams.thanx to upload these kind of topics for our students of engineering


  9. dolire o.kunle
    Dec 03, 2011

    when will wireless power transmission or distribution be invent?????


    • Edvard
      Dec 03, 2011

      It’s already invented, Nikola Tesla invented it just before he died…


  10. chiranjeevi
    Sep 10, 2011

    in india so many people consume elect. illegaly so i am thinking that it should be fully computrised so that if somthing found wrong ,power to that consumer can be cut through computer system as like communication lines


    • Edvard
      Dec 03, 2011

      There are many ways to supress the stealing electrical energy….


  11. mwankemwa
    Apr 20, 2011

    Hi
    It is the good article! It has taken me back to technical school when I was taking my Trade Test on Electrical Engineering. There are some advancement in technology. It is very interesting Article. I’ve gained and reviewed something this morning!
    Congs to Edvard.
    Rgds
    Revocatus from Tanzania


    • Edvard
      Apr 20, 2011

      Thank you very much Mwankemwa! Glad you like it! Yes, it’s educative article and it’s always good to refresh your memory!

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