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Home / Technical Articles / Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor

Originally published at Electrical Notes – Articles

(1) Demand factor

  • Demand Factor = Maximum demand of a system / Total connected load on the system
  • Demand factor is always less than one. 
  • Example: if a residence having 6000W equipment connected has a maximum demand of 300W,Than demand factor = 6000W / 3300W = 55%.
  • The lower the demand factor, the less system capacity required to serve the connected load.
  • Feeder-circuit conductors should have an ampere sufficient to carry the load; the ampere of the feeder-circuit need not always be equal to the total of all loads on all branch-circuits connected to it.
    Remember that the demand factor permits a feeder-circuit ampere to be less than 100% of the sum of all branch-circuit loads connected to the feeder.
  • Example: One Machine Shop has
    Fluorescent fixtures=1 No, 5kw each, Receptacle outlets =1 No, 1500w each.
    Lathe=1No, 10 Hp, Air Compressor=1 No, 20 Hp, Fire Pump=1 No, 15 Hp.
  • After questioning the customer about the various loads, the information is further deciphered as follows:
    1. The shop lights are on only during the hours of 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
    2. The receptacle outlets are in the office only, and will have computers and other small loads plugged into them.
    3. The lathe is fully loaded for 5 minutes periods.  The rest of the time is setup time.  This procedure repeats every 15 minutes.
    4. The air compressor supplies air to air tools and cycles off and on about half the time.
    5. The fire pump only runs for 30 minutes when tested which is once a month after hours.

Calculation:



  • Lighting Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.
  • = (15 minute run time/ 15 minutes) x 1.0 = 1.0
  • Lighting Demand Load = 5 kW x 1.0 = 5 kW
  • Receptacle Outlet Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor
  • = (15 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 0.1 = 0.1
  • Receptacle Outlet Demand Load = 15 x 1500 watts x 0.1 = 2.25 kW
  • Lathe Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.
  • = (5 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 1.0 =0 .33
  • Lathe Demand Load = 10 hp x .746 x .33 = 2.46 kW
  • Air Compressor Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.
  • = (7.5 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 1.0 = 0.5
  • Air Compressor Demand Load = 20 hp x .746 x .5 = 7.46 kW
  • Fire Pump Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.
  • = (15 minute run time/ 15 minutes) x 0.0 = 0.0
  • Fire Pump Demand Load = 15 hp x .746 x 0.0 = 0.0 kW
  • Summary of Demand Loads :
EquipmentkWD.F.Demand KW
Lighting515
Receptacle Outlets22.5.12.25
Lathe7.5.332.46
Air Compressor150.57.46
Fire Pump11.250.00.0
TOTAL   61.25 Kw 17.17 Kw

(2) Diversity factor / simultaneity factor (Ks)

  • Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Max. Demand. /  Max. Demand on Power Station.
  • Diversity Factor = Installed load. /  Running load.
  • Diversity factor is usually more than one. (Since the sum of individual max. demands >Max. Demand)
  • The load is time dependent as well as being dependent upon equipment characteristics. The diversity factor recognizes that the whole load does not equal the sum of its parts due to this time Interdependence (i.e. diverseness).
  • When the maximum demand of a supply is being assessed it is not sufficient to simply add together the ratings of all electrical equipment that could be connected to that supply. If this is done, a figure somewhat higher than the true maximum demand will be produced. This is because it is unlikely that all the electrical equipment on a supply will be used simultaneously.
  • The concept of being able to De-rate a potential maximum load to an actual maximum demand is known as the application of a diversity factor.
  • 70% diversity means that the device in question operates at its nominal or maximum load level 70% of the time that it is connected and turned on.
  • If total installed full load ampere is twice your running load ampere then the diversity factor is two.
  • If total installed full load ampere is four times your load a ampere then the diversity factor is four.
  • If everything (all electrical equipment) was running at full load at the same time the diversity factor is equal to One
  • Greater the diversity factor, lesser is the cost of generation of power.
  • Diversity factor in a distribution network is the ratio of the sum of the peak demands of the individual customers to the peak demand of the network.
  • This will be determined by the type of service, i.e., residential, commercial, industrial and combinations of such.
  • Example-I: A distribution feeder serves 5 houses, each of which has a peak demand of 5 KW. The feeder peak turns out to be 20 kw. The diversity is then 20/25 or 0.8. This results from the timing differences between the individual heating/cooling, appliance usages in the individual customers.
  • As supply availability decreases, the diversity factor will tend to increase toward 1.00. This can be demonstrated when restoring service after outages (called “cold starts”) as the system initial surge can be much greater than the historical peak loads.
  • Example-II: A sub-station has three outgoing feeders:
  1. feeder 1 has maximum demand 10 MW at 10:00 am,
  2. feeder 2 has maximum demand 12 MW at 7:00 pm and
  3. feeder 3 has maximum demand 15 MW at 9:00 pm,
  4. While the maximum demand of all three feeders is 33 MW at 8:00 pm.
  • Here, the sum of the maximum demand of the individual sub-systems (feeders) is 10 + 12 + 15 = 37 MW, while the system maximum demand is 33 MW. The diversity factor is 37/33 = 1.12. The diversity factor is usually greater than 1; its value also can be 1 which indicates the maximum demand of the individual sub-system occurs simultaneously.
  • Diversity is the relationship between the rated full loads of the equipment downstream of a connection point, and the rated load of the connection point. To illustrate:
  1. The building at these co-ordinates is fitted with a 100A main supply fuse.
  2. The distribution board has 2no. 6A breakers, 1no. 20A breaker and 5no. 32A breakers, a total, potentially, of 192A.
  • Not all these rated loads are turned on at once. If they were, then the 100A supply fuse would rupture, as it cannot pass 192A. So the diversity factor of the distribution board can be said to be 192A/100A, or 1.92, or 52%.
  • Many designers prefer to use unity as the diversity factor in calculations for planning conservatism because of plant load growth uncertainties. Local experience can justify using a diversity factor larger than unity, and smaller service entrance conductors and transformer requirements chosen accordingly.
  • The diversity factor for all other installations will be different, and would be based upon a local evaluation of the loads to be applied at different moments in time. Assuming it to be 1.0 may, on some occasions, result in a supply feeder and equipment rating that is rather larger than the local installation warrants, and an over-investment in cable and equipment to handle the rated load current. It is better to evaluate the pattern of usage of the loads and calculate an acceptable diversity factor for each particular case.
  • In the case of the example given above, achieving a diversity of 1.0 or 100% would require well over twice the cross-sectional area of copper cable to be installed in a deep trench underneath a field, the rebuild of a feeder cabinet to larger dimensions, more substantial overhead supply cables for a distance exceeding 2km northwards and a different tariff, where one pays rather more for a kWh than at present. The investment required to achieve 1.0 simply isn’t justifiable in this particular case.
  • Diversity factor is mostly used for distribution feeder size and transformer as well as to determine the maximum peak load and diversity factor is always based on knowing the process. You have to understand what will be on or off at a given time for different buildings and this will size the feeder. Note for typical buildings diversity factor is always one. You have to estimate or have a data records to create 24 hours load graph and you can determine the maximum demand load for node then you can easily determine the feeder and transformer size.
  • The diversity factor of a feeder would be the sum of the maximum demands of the individual consumers divided by the maximum demand of the feeder. In the same manner, it is possible to compute the diversity factor on a substation, a transmission line or a whole utility system.
  • The residential load has the highest diversity factor. Industrial loads have low diversity factors usually of 1.4, street light practically unity and other loads vary between these limits.

Diversity Factor in distribution Network

Elements of System

Diversity Factors

ResidentialCommercialGeneral
Power
Large
Industrial
Between individual users2.001.461.45
Between transformers1.301.301.351.05
Between feeders1.151.151.151.05
Between substations1.101.101.101.10
From users to transformers2.001.461.44
From users to feeder2.601.901.951.15
From users to substation3.002.182.241.32
From users to generating station3.292.402.461.45

Diversity Factor for distribution switchboards

Number of circuitsDiversity Factor (ks)
Assemblies entirely tested 2 and 30.9
4 and 50.8
6 to 90.7
10 and more0.6
Assemblies partially tested in every case choose1

Diversity Factor for according to circuit function (IEC 60439)

                        Circuits FunctionDiversity Factor (ks)
Lighting0.9
Heating and air conditioning0.8
Socket-outlets0.7
Lifts and catering hoist
For the most powerful motor1
For the second most powerful motor0.75
For all motors0.8

Diversity Factor for an apartment block

ApartmentDiversity Factor (ks)
2 To 41
5To 190.78
10To 140.63
15To 190.53
20To 240.49
25To 290.46
30 To 340.44
35 To 390.42
40To 400.41
50 To Above0.40
  • Example: 5 storey apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed load.
    The total installed load for the building is: 36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA
    The apparent-power supply required for the building is: 150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA
  • It is a matter of common experience that the simultaneous operation of all installed loads of a given installation never occurs in practice, i.e. there is always some degree of diversity and this fact is taken into account for estimating purposes by the use of a simultaneity factor / Diversity Factor (ks).
  • The Diversity factor ks is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution or sub-distribution board). The determination of these factors is the responsibility of the designer, since it requires a detailed knowledge of the installation and the conditions in which the individual circuits are to be exploited. For this reason, it is not possible to give precise values for general application.

 Designing Size of Electrical Switchgear by use of Demand Factor and Diversity Factor:

  • Diversity factors are used by utilities for distribution transformer sizing and load predictions.
  • Demand factors are more conservative and are used by NEC for service and feeder sizing.
  • Demand factors and diversity factors are used in design.
  • For example, the sum of the connected loads supplied by a feeder is multiplied by the demand factor to determine the load for which the feeder must be sized. This load is termed the maximum demand of the feeder. The sum of the maximum demand loads for a number of sub feeders divided by the diversity factor for the sub feeders will give the maximum demand load to be supplied by the feeder from which the sub feeders are derived.
  • Example-1: Suppose We have four individual feeder-circuits with connected loads of 250 kVA, 200 kVA, 150 kVA and 400 kVA and demand factors of 90%, 80%, 75% and 85% respectively.Use a diversity factor of 1.5.
  • Calculating demand for feeder-circuits
    • 250 kVA x 90% = 225 kVA
    • 200 kVA x 80% = 160 kVA
    • 150 kVA x 75% = 112.5 kVA
    • 400 kVA x 85% = 340 kVA
    • 837.5 kVA
    • The sum of the individual demands is equal to 837.5 kVA.
    • If the main feeder-circuit were sized at unity diversity: kVA = 837.5 kVA ÷ 1.00 = 837.5 kVA.
    • The main feeder-circuit would have to be supplied by an 850 kVA transformer.
    • However, using the diversity factor of 1.5, the kVA = 837.5 kVA ÷ 1.5 = 558 kVA for the main feeder.
    • For diversity factor of 1.5, a 600 kVA transformer could be used.
    • Example-2: A conveyor belt made up of six sections, each driven by a 2 kW motor. As material is transported along this belt, it is first carried by section 1, and then each section in succession until the final section is reached. In this simple example only one section of conveyor is carrying material at any point in time. Therefore five motors are only handling no-load mechanical losses (say .1 kW) keeping the belts moving whilst one motor is handling the load (say 1 kW). The demand presented by each motor when it is carrying its load is 1 kW, the sum of the demand loads is 6 kW but the maximum load presented by the system at any time is only 1.5 kW.
    • Diversity factor =Sum of Individual Max. Demand / Max. Demand = 6 Kw / 1.5 Kw =4.
    • Demand Factor = Maximum demand / Total connected load = 1.5 Kw / 12 Kw = 0.125.

(3) Load factor

  • Load Factor = Average load. /Maximum load during a given period.
  • It can be calculated for a single day, for a month or for a year.
  • Its value is always less than one. Because maximum demand is always more than avg. demand.
  • It is used for determining the overall cost per unit generated. Higher the load factor, lesser will be the cost per unit.
  • Load Factor = Load that a piece of equipment actually draws / Load it could draw (full load).
  • Example: Motor of 20 hp drives a constant 15 hp load whenever it is on.
  •  The motor load factor is then 15/20 = 75%.
  • Load factor is term that does not appear on your utility bill, but does affect electricity costs. Load factor indicates how efficiently the customer is using peak demand.
  • Load Factor = ( energy (kWh per month) ) / (  peak demand (kW) x hours/month )
  • A high load factor means power usage is relatively constant. Low load factor shows that occasionally a high demand is set. To service that peak, capacity is sitting idle for long periods, thereby imposing higher costs on the system. Electrical rates are designed so that customers with high load factor are charged less overall per kWh.
  • For Example
  • Customer A – High Load Factor
  • 82% load factor = (3000 kWh per month x 100%) / 5 kW x 730 hours/month.
  • Customer B – Low Load Factor
  • 41% load factor = (3000 kWh per month x 100%) / 10kW x 730 hours/month.
  • To encourage the efficient use of installed capacity, electricity rates are structured so the price per kWh above a certain load factor is lower. The actual structure of the price blocks varies by rate.

(4) Utilization factor (Ku)

  • In normal operating conditions the power consumption of a load is sometimes less than that indicated as its nominal power rating, a fairly common occurrence that justifies the application of an utilization factor (ku) in the estimation of realistic values.
  • Utilization Factor = The time that a equipment is in use./ The total time that it could be in use.
  • Example: The motor may only be used for eight hours a day, 50 weeks a year. The hours of operation would then be 2000 hours, and the motor  Utilization factor for a base of 8760 hours per year would be 2000/8760 = 22.83%. With a base of 2000 hours per year, the motor Utilization factor would be 100%. The bottom line is that the use factor is applied to get the correct number of hours that the motor is in use.
  • This factor must be applied to each individual load, with particular attention to electric motors, which are very rarely operated at full load. In an industrial installation this factor may be estimated on an average at 0.75 for motors.
  • For incandescent-lighting loads, the factor always equals 1.
  • For socket-outlet circuits, the factors depend entirely on the type of appliances being supplied from the sockets concerned.

Maximum demand

  • Maximum demand (often referred to as MD) is the largest current normally carried by circuits, switches and protective devices. It does not include the levels of current flowing under overload or short circuit conditions.
  •  Assessment of maximum demand is sometimes straightforward. For example, the maximum demand of a 240 V single-phase 8 kW shower heater can be calculated by dividing the power (8 kW) by the voltage (240 V) to give a current of 33.3 A. This calculation assumes a power factor of unity, which is a reasonable assumption for such a purely resistive load.
  • There are times, however, when assessment of maximum demand is less obvious. For example, if a ring circuit feeds fifteen 13 A sockets, the maximum demand clearly should not be 15 x 13 = 195 A, if only because the circuit protection will not be rated at more than 32 A. Some 13 A sockets may feed table lamps with 60 W lamps fitted, whilst others may feed 3 kW washing machines; others again may not be loaded at all.
  • Lighting circuits pose a special problem when determining MD. Each lamp-holder must be assumed to carry the current required by the connected load, subject to a minimum loading of 100 W per lamp holder (a demand of 0.42 A per lamp holder at 240 V). Discharge lamps are particularly difficult to assess, and current cannot be calculated simply by dividing lamp power by supply voltage. The reasons for this are:
  1. Control gear losses result in additional current,
  2. the power factor is usually less than unity so current is greater, and
  3. Chokes and other control gear usually distort the waveform of the current so that it contains harmonics which are additional to the fundamental supply current.
  • So long as the power factor of a discharge lighting circuit is not less than 0.85, the current demand for the circuit can be calculated from:
  • current (A) = (lamp power (W) x 1.8) / supply voltage (V)
  • For example, the steady state current demand of a 240 V circuit supplying ten 65 W fluorescent lamps would be: I = 10X65X1.8A / 240 = 4.88A
  • Switches for circuits feeding discharge lamps must be rated at twice the current they are required to carry, unless they have been specially constructed to withstand the severe arcing resulting from the switching of such inductive and capacitive loads.

(5) Coincidence factor

  • The coincidence factor =Max. demand of a system / sum of the individual maximum demands
  • The coincidence factor is the reciprocal of the diversity factor

Demand Factor & Load Factor according to Type of Industries

Type of Industry Demand Factor Load Factor Utilization Factor (DF x LF)
Arc Furnace0.550.800.44
Induction Furnace0.900.800.72
Steel Rolling mills0.800.250.20
Mechanical/ Electrical
a) Single Shift0.450.250.11
b) Double Shift0.450.500.22
Cycle Industry0.400.400.16
Wire products0.350.400.14
Auto Parts0.400.500.20
Forgings0.500.350.17
Cold Storage
a) Working Season0.600.650.39
b) Non-Working Season0.250.150.04
Rice Sheller’s
a) Working Season0.700.800.56
b)  Non-Working Season0.050.300.01
Ice Candy Units
a) Working Season0.500.650.32
b) Non-Working Season0.500.100.05
Ice Factories
a) Working Season0.800.650.52
b) Non-Working Season0.800.100.08
Cotton Ginning
a) Working Season0.700.250.17
b) Non-Working Season0.100.100.01
Spinning Mills0.600.800.48
Textile Industry0.500.800.40
Dyeing and Printing0.400.500.20
Ghee Mills0.500.500.25
Oil Mills0.700.500.35
Solvent Extraction Mills0.450.500.22
Plastic0.600.250.11
Soap0.500.250.12
Rubber (Foot Wear)0.450.350.16
Distilleries0.350.500.17
Chemical Industry0.400.500.20
Gas Plant Industry0.700.500.35
Pain and Colour Factory0.500.400.20
Sugar0.300.450.13
Paper0.500.800.40
Flour Mills(Single Shift)0.800.250.20
Atta Chakies0.500.250.12
Milk Plants0.400.800.32
Printing Presses0.350.300.10
Repair Workshops0.400.250.10
Bottling Plants0.400.350.14
Radio Stations0.55.0.450.25
Telephone exchange0.500.900.45
Public Water Works0.750.400.30
Medical Colleges0.600.250.15
Hospitals0.250.900.22
Nursing Homes0.500.500.25
Colleges and Schools0.500.200.10
Hotels and Restaurants0.750.400.30
Marriage Palaces1.000.250.25

Demand Factor & Load Factor according to Type of Buildings:

Individual Facilities Demand FactorLoad Factor
Communications – buildings60-6570-75
Telephone exchange building55-7020-25
Air passenger terminal building65-8028-32
Aircraft fire and rescue station25-3513-17
Aircraft line operations building65-8024-28
Academic instruction building40-6022-26
Applied instruction building35-6524-28
Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory70-8022-28
Materials Laboratory30-3527-32
Physics Laboratory70-8022-28
Electrical and electronics systems laboratory20-303-7
Cold storage warehouse70-7520-25
General warehouse75-8023-28
Controlled humidity warehouse60-6533-38
Hazardous/flammable storehouse75-8020-25
Disposal, salvage, scrap building35-4025-20
Hospital38-4245-50
Laboratory32-3720-25
Dental Clinic35-4018-23
Medical Clinic45-5020-23
Administrative Office50-6520-35
Single-family residential housing60-7010-15
Detached garages40-502-4
Apartments35-4038-42
Fire station25-3513-17
Police station48-5320-25
Bakery30-3545-60
Laundry/dry cleaning plant30-3520-25
K-6 schools75-8010-15
7-12 schools65-7012-17
Churches65-705-25
Post Office75-8020-25
Retail store65-7025-32
Bank75-8020-25
Supermarket55-6025-30
Restaurant45-7515-25
Auto repair shop40-6015-20
Hobby shop, art/crafts30-4025-30
Bowling alley70-7510-15
Gymnasium70-7520-45
Skating rink70-7510-15
Indoor swimming pool55-6025-50
Theater45-558-13
Library75-8030-35
Golf clubhouse75-8015-20
Museum75-8030-35

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Jignesh Parmar

Jignesh Parmar has completed M.Tech (Power System Control), B.E (Electrical). He is member of Institution of Engineers (MIE), India. He has more than 20 years experience in transmission & distribution-energy theft detection and maintenance electrical projects.

51 Comments


  1. nfah
    Oct 20, 2023

    Great article.
    Why use demand interval factor and diversity factor to determine Demand factor. Why a base time of 15 minutes in used.


    • ak
      Jan 27, 2024

      cause the load is operating for that much time only


  2. ELIUD MATHU MUNGAI
    Feb 14, 2023

    Very informative


  3. Dipankar Chatterjee
    Apr 01, 2022

    How to size numbers & Ratings of Outgoing feeders in 33 KV H.T Board with One Incomer.


  4. Md Shahidul Islam
    Feb 08, 2022

    Helpful


  5. aung yin
    Feb 02, 2022

    For transformer sizing , normally use maximum demand load . But I saw that some engineer use peak load . I want to know the correct one.


  6. Fouad Zaidan
    Jun 24, 2021

    Please can you send us the reference from code for all shown factors


  7. qusay al hamdany
    May 23, 2021

    thanks for this good work >> but can you send to me the BS standared that used in this calculation please


  8. Mandar Dahigaonkar
    Apr 06, 2021

    Please correct this example in this artcile…
    Example-I: A distribution feeder serves 5 houses, each of which has a peak demand of 5 KW. The feeder peak turns out to be 20 kw. The diversity is then 20/25 or 0.8….

    Diversity factor would be 25/20 = 1.25


  9. Amr kamoon
    Feb 08, 2021

    It is great work thank you.
    If I had refrigerating firm house how could I calculate the factors that affect the power?


  10. helal basho
    Feb 04, 2021

    Dear sir ,
    I highly appreciate your very rich technical article .
    But I could not understand the idea behind using “Demand Interval Factor” beside the diversity factor (ie. 7.5 minute run time / 15 minutes and the others too) .
    Kindly please explain what’s makes it countable to look after it in feeder design ?

    Best Regards


  11. helal basho
    Feb 04, 2021

    Dear sir,
    Thanks a lot for this wonderful article .
    It is very very informative .
    But I could not perceive the concept behind the 2 definitions about “load factor” as presented :
    A : Load Factor = Load that a piece of equipment actually draws / Load it could draw (full load).
    Example: Motor of 20 hp drives a constant 15 hp load whenever it is on.
    The motor load factor is then 15/20 = 75%.

    B : Load factor indicates how efficiently the customer is using peak demand.
    Load Factor = ( energy (kWh per month) ) / ( peak demand (kW) x hours/month )

    Kindly please explain a little bit more about the relation between the definitions regarding : “drawn load” and “peak demand” .

    Best Regards


  12. Alan Sporle
    Jul 12, 2019

    [email protected]
    Your demand factor in Example one do not equate; ‘Less than one’ so 6000 is what 5999? or is this a % value whole figure needs revising, this misleading


  13. Gul Bahar Shah
    May 05, 2019

    Please let me know, what will be the diversity factors needs to be considered for five-star Hotel equipment electrical load?


  14. pepito
    Mar 27, 2019

    The article is crapt, cite your sources.


    • Annoyed Lemon
      Jan 27, 2020

      Your spelling is Crap! Check your dictionary.


  15. Husin
    Jan 17, 2019

    nice article


  16. Cyril Senen Orge
    Oct 22, 2018

    Great explanation sir! Thanks!


  17. Hilary Rebello
    Apr 04, 2018

    very clearly explained.


  18. Adedayo Alo
    Feb 14, 2018

    This is a great job. Your contributions to engineering profession have been immense. They shall speak after you.


  19. JOSE LUIS FALCON
    Feb 05, 2018

    Muchas gracias por compartir esta información; mucho trabajo y horas de estudio. Saludos desde México.


  20. tiruneh
    Jan 13, 2018

    thanks


  21. Pervez Iqbal
    Oct 20, 2016

    I am very much happy to your highly appreciateable work.


  22. rajaram
    Jun 29, 2016

    Please let me know, what will be the diversity factors needs to be considered for mechanical workshop equipment electrical load for sizing transformer? (This workshop basically for oil and gas industry, and most of the equipment will be very rarely used like once in month)


  23. pk guin
    Jun 20, 2016

    pls share your no i want to ask something.how to find 15mints peak load and 1mints peak load for a steel melt shop having a 100mva and a 60mva furnace


  24. govindaraj srinivasa
    Mar 28, 2016

    Very good inputs on critical design factors to be considered for load estimations.
    I need to re-estimate a typical energy requirement for a steel rolling mill, based on connectd load and assumd average loading of motors. Could you suggest the international standadrs that I must quote and refer in my report ofcalculations?


  25. احمد
    Oct 29, 2015

    I think there is a wrong in Example-I: A distribution feeder serves 5 houses, each of which has a peak demand of 5 KW. The feeder peak turns out to be 20 kw. The diversity is then 20/25 or 0.8.
    is the answer should be 25/20 = 1.25 . I wish you reply


  26. DMKIN
    Oct 05, 2015

    Dear Sir,

    I want know that motor solo run shall be 4hours even small motor?

    I try to find in ASME, but cannot..

    please advice to shorten 2hours for solo run test..


  27. S.Ganesha Moorthi
    Aug 23, 2015

    Please check following in above article

    Demand factor
    Example: if a residence having 6000W equipment connected has a maximum demand of 300W,Than demand factor = 6000W / 3300W = 55%.

    I Think, the below is correct

    Example: if a residence having 6000W equipment connected has a maximum demand of 3300W,Than demand factor = 3300W / 6000W = 55%

    If Not so please clarify??..


    • Alexander Soriao
      Nov 29, 2018

      Your calculation of DF is the right one.


  28. Girisha HN
    Aug 20, 2015

    Sir, I have a question related to distribution please give me a best answer…
    Show how to share the supply of the available electric power of 150KVA between 2 electrical resistive load each of 15 KVA rating using individual switches…


  29. rahul
    Jul 14, 2015

    nice article


  30. Anil Ghimire
    Jul 14, 2015

    Dear author,
    I want to know how to calculate daily loss of load factor when demand and time is given


  31. Fabian
    Mar 27, 2015

    In your diversity factor section you indicate the usual “always greater than one” definition, however, later on on the same section, you use the IEC definition of Diversity factor (less than one).

    It might be confusing for inexperienced people. Just a friendly heads up.


  32. Almeida
    Nov 14, 2014

    Nice Article


  33. moh taha
    Oct 26, 2014

    did we take Demand factor for water or west water plant ? if it will …what will be ??


  34. JAGANNATH MAHANKUDA
    Oct 13, 2014

    Nice Article .. Really Knowledgeable… Thanks for sharing…


  35. raju shaikh
    Sep 02, 2014

    can anyone tell me the meaning of RMD and BMD in transmission line..


  36. khalid
    Jun 23, 2014

    need design for anew city applied load 250 MVA calculations for industrial,residential. service buildings(police- fire-…etc


  37. salariah
    Jul 10, 2013

    kindly correct….. demand factor = maximum demand/ no. of connected load,,,,,,,,, diversity factor = no. of connected load/maximum demand..


  38. salariah
    Jul 10, 2013

    your examples (1and 2) for diversity factor, oppose each other, kindly confirm the correct one….


  39. jsaravanamuthu
    Jun 26, 2013

    sir client has EB service panel for 12 flats and also purchased kirloskar 125 Kva DG, I have suggested for ATYS panel but client is not ready to spend more money give me a suggestion.


  40. jsaravanamuthu
    Jun 26, 2013

    dear sir,
    how to connect 125 Kva DG to an appartment having 12 flats


  41. Gulraiz Amin
    Mar 04, 2013

    it is very helpful for designing


  42. tiger_man_no1
    Nov 19, 2012

    Very good article , but these calculation derived from which Code or standard ??? specially table (Demand Factor & Load Factor according to Type of Industries) , because these values is varied and depend on the practice wise


    • jiguparmar
      Nov 19, 2012

      Yes. Agree with you. This is just reference Value .This Value vary according to it’s user’s Profile.
      We can not predict the actual value but this table value helpful us to calculate more realistic assumption.
      I got this Table from one Book or Manual. If it is more valuable for You than I will defiantly convey it’s Reference Source.


      • tiger_man_no1
        Nov 21, 2012

        Thank you for reply , this book or Munual is very important to me , if you can forward it to me that will be very kind from you


      • k.goh
        Mar 15, 2013

        Do you happen to base on any Code or Standards or written guideline for the diversity factors to various type of development?
        If yes, will appreciate if you could forward them to me, for my current studies.
        Thank you in advance.


  43. ctichenor
    Sep 28, 2012

    Just curious – how many industries were surveyed for load factor (given near the end of the write up). This information is extremely interesting. Thanks!


  44. Musab2012
    Feb 26, 2012

    This really a great valuable information for me as a senior students studying power distribution system .Thanks for this great post .


  45. Edvard
    Nov 27, 2011

    Great explanation, thanks Jignesh!

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