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Protective Relaying Principles and Applications (photo credit: timpanoelectrical.com)
Protective Relaying Principles and Applications (photo credit: timpanoelectrical.com)

Typical Relay and Circuit Breaker Connections

Protective relays using electrical quantities are connected to the power system through current transformer (CT) or voltage transformer (VT). These input devices or instrument transformers provide insulation from the high-power system voltages and reduce the magnitudes to practical secondary levels for the relays.

In circuit schematics and diagrams they are represented as shown in Figure 1.9.

This diagram shows a typical ‘one-line’ AC schematic and a DC trip circuit schematic.

The protective relay system is connected to the AC power system through the CTs commonly associated with the circuit breaker and, if necessary, to the VTs.

Typical single-line AC connections of a protective relay with its DC trip circuit. The CS seal in the unit is not required with solid-state units and lower-trip circuit currents with modern circuit breakers.
Figure 1.9 – Typical single-line AC connections of a protective relay with its DC trip circuit. The CS seal in the unit is not required with solid-state units and lower-trip circuit currents with modern circuit breakers.

These are shown connected to the station AC bus, but often at the higher voltages the voltage devices are connected to the transmission line. The circuit breaker is designated as device 52 following the ANSI/IEEE device number system (IEEE C 37.2).

In the DC schematic the contacts are always shown in their de-energized position.

Thus, when the circuit breaker is closed and in service, its 52a contact is closed. When a system fault operates the protective relay, its output contact closes to energize the circuit breaker trip coil 52T, which functions to open the breaker main contacts and de-energize the connected power circuit.


Basic Objectives Of System Protection

The fundamental objective of system protection is to provide isolation of a problem area in the power system quickly, so that the shock to the rest of the system is minimized and as much as possible is left intact. Within this context, there are five basic facets of protective relay application.

Before discussing these, it should be noted that the use of the term protection does not indicate or imply that the protection equipment can prevent trouble, such as faults and equipment failures, or electric shocks due to inadvertent human contacts. It cannot anticipate trouble.

The protective relays act only after an abnormal or intolerable condition has occurred, with sufficient indication to permit their operation.

Thus protection does not mean prevention, but rather, minimizing the duration of the trouble and limiting the damage, outage time, and related problems that may result otherwise.


The five basic facets are:

  1. Reliability: assurance that the protection will perform correctly.
  2. Selectivity: maximum continuity of service with minimum system disconnection.
  3. Speed of operation: minimum fault duration and consequent equipment damage and system instability.
  4. Simplicity: minimum protective equipment and associated circuitry to achieve the protection objectives.
  5. Economics: maximum protection at minimal total cost.

Because these are the underlying foundations of all protection, further discussion is in order.

Title:Protective Relaying Principles and Applications – J. Lewis Blackburn, Thomas J. Domin
Format:PDF
Size:6.79 MB
Pages:638
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Protective Relaying – Principles and Applications
Protective Relaying – Principles and Applications

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11 Comments


  1. GASPAR TESHA
    Nov 13, 2014

    thanks alot


  2. NOURE
    Mar 21, 2014

    Very usful info. Keep up the good work.


  3. Eric Flores
    Mar 20, 2014

    EEP is so far one of the best informative site for me with regards to Electrical Engineering.

    I wish to thank all the people who continuously spend their precious time contributing and sharing technical documents and information in EEP.
    Regards,

    Eric Flores, PEE


  4. Gurusiddappa
    Mar 20, 2014

    Really very useful and appreciable work.


  5. Aijaz Hussain
    Mar 17, 2014

    Always useful & appereciable


  6. Azmy Ridwan
    Mar 17, 2014

    useful reference. thanks


  7. Nina
    Mar 17, 2014

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  8. SANKAR KOLLA
    Mar 17, 2014

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  9. AIDIL ARIFIN
    Mar 17, 2014

    good & excellent reference but shall be more good if actual is suitable with brand :
    Siemens Protection Product, SEL Products, etc.
    Thanks a lot


  10. Ricardo Mesa C
    Mar 16, 2014

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    Mar 16, 2014

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