Dual functions of a switch and a fuse
This technical article focuses on the widely used miniature circuit breakers rated for 240 V or less. These are smaller and lower-rated versions of industrial-grade molded-case circuit breakers rated for 600 V or less. These miniature breakers, called air circuit breakers, are based on thermal, magnetic, or combined thermal-magnetic principles.
They are now almost exclusively installed in all new residences, small businesses, and offices as well as updates of existing older electrical systems. They are rated for: amperes, voltage, and short-circuit or fault-current interruption.
Miniature circuit breakers perform the dual functions of a switch and a fuse. They can open a circuit for safety or maintenance reasons simply by switching their toggle levers to the OFF position. As substitutes for fuses, they provide automatic circuit protection and need not be replaced after a dangerous overcurrent has passed or a short circuit has been corrected.
Let’s continue this article with following topics important for fully understanding MCBs:
MCB Rating
The ampere rating defines the maximum current the circuit breaker can carry without tripping. For typical miniature circuit breakers this rating is 2 to 125 A. In residential applications, single-pole breakers protect 20V branch circuits, and two-pole breakers protect 240V branch circuits.
The voltage rating of a circuit breaker can be higher than the circuit voltage, but never lower.
The fault current interruption rating (or short-circuit interrupting rating) is the maximum available fault current that could be expected from the overhead or pad-mounted distribution transformer outside a residence. If the transformer can produce 10,000 A of current, each breaker in the loadcenter should be rated for at least 10,000 A.
Construction
Each miniature or branch circuit breaker, as shown in the cutaway view Figure 1 below, includes a bimetal strip or element. When this strip is heated to its threshold temperature, it bends enough to unlatch a mechanism and open the breaker’s electrical contacts.
When the contacts open, the toggle on the circuit breaker automatically switches to the OFF position. This, in turn, opens the branch circuit.
Operation and working principle
These small circuit breakers can be reset manually after they have tripped. As with fuses, the ampere rating of the breaker must match the ampacity of the circuit it protects. These circuit breakers are also called plug-in breakers, because they are connected to the loadcenter by plugging them into the busbar tabs or stabs.
A high quality thermal circuit breaker will open a 10,000 A fault at 240 V AC in 40 to 50 ms, or even faster.
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Under simple overload conditions, the deflection of a bimetal thermal sensing element within the circuit breaker causes the circuit to open when a preset temperature threshold is reached. Rising temperature in a bimetal element is caused principally by load current (I2R) heating.
The thermal element also factors in the heating or cooling effects caused by nearby heating or cooling sources (furnaces or air conditioners), as well as changes in the ambient temperature.
Some thermal circuit breakers rated for 5 A or lower contain heater coils adjacent to or in series with the bimetal element. These heater coils compensate for the lower anticipated heating action of a fault in a low-current circuit. They augment element self-heating to maintain the temperature of the thermal element closer to the preset threshold temperature, to speed up the trip response in the presence of overcurrent.
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Some miniature thermal circuit breakers also contain a magnetic element to accelerate tripping in the presence of an exceptionally fast rising overload. That condition increases current flow fast enough to create a magnetic field in a small electromagnet or solenoid that pulls in a mechanical linkage to unlatch the contacts and trip the breaker before the bimetal element can respond and deflect.
The basic elements of a thermal-magnetic circuit breaker are shown in the simplified diagram Figure 2.
The normal condition of the circuit breaker is illustrated in Figure 2a. The bimetal element in these breakers responds the same way to overcurrent as the element in a simple thermal breaker. As shown in Figure 2b, the bimetal element deflects in proportion to the heating effect of the current passing through the wire in close proximity to it.
By contrast, the small solenoid magnetic element has a few turns of low-resistance wire in series with the wire adjacent to the thermal element, which has little effect on the impedance of the breaker. In the presence of rapidly rising current, a magnetic field forms around the solenoid, causing it to pull in the trip bar, which unlatches the contacts and opens them.
This element responds 4 times faster than the bimetal element, or in about 10 ms.
Temperature
Molded-case and miniature circuit breakers are designed to operate in elevated temperature environments such as those encountered inside a breaker panel carrying load. If the panel door is left open for a long period of time or is removed, the interior of the panel will cool to a lower temperature.
This additional cooling will allow the breaker’s thermal element to exceed its rated continuous current. This could mean that the load it is protecting could overheat.
Mounting MCBs
Circuit breaker manufacturers have different methods for attaching their breakers to the “hot” bus bars. Most breakers have some form of notch on one end of their lower surfaces and conductive clips on the other ends.
Typical loadcenter “hot” bus bars have projections alternating from the inner sides of the bars. As stated earlier, the ends of these projections are bent outward at right angles to form stabs.
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The breakers are installed by hooking the notch at one end under a rail and pressing the conductive clips down over the stabs to make low-resistance contacts with the “hot” busbars.
Applications
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Single and double-pole breakers are beside common home electrical panels most widely used also in loadcenters. Single-pole units, rated for 120/240 V AC, are designed to be plugged onto a single bus stab to obtain 120 V between one of the “hot” bus legs and the neutral bus, as shown in Figure 3. These breakers are available in ratings from 15 to 70 A, but ratings of 15 and 20 A are most commonly used in homes.
They are available in 1-in.-wide full-size, dual 1-in. widths, and half-size 1/2-in widths.
Some single-pole units are UL listed as HACR type, for air-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration equipment service, as well as being UL listed for SWD (switching duty) for switching 120-V AC fluorescent lighting loads. Two-pole breakers are rated 120/240 or 240 V AC.
Standard sizes are plugged onto two adjacent stabs to obtain 240 V between both parallel “hot” bus bars. They are available with 10- to 125-V ratings. These breakers have a single common trip, and many are HACR type.
- 15 and 20 A – Protection of baseboard heaters and pumps
- 30 A – Protection of water heaters, dryers, and air-conditioning equipment s 40 to 50 A: Protection of ranges and stoves
- 50 A or more – Protection of electric heaters
Three-pole breakers rated for 240 V require three spaces for contact with three stabs, and they also have common toggle trips. They are typically listed as HACR type for use with air-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration equipment.
Reference: Handbook of electrical design details – Neil Sclater, John E. Traister (purchase book here)
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Edvard Csanyi
Hi, I'm an electrical engineer, programmer and founder of EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal. I worked twelve years at Schneider Electric in the position of technical support for low- and medium-voltage projects and the design of busbar trunking systems.I'm highly specialized in the design of LV/MV switchgear and low-voltage, high-power busbar trunking (<6300A) in substations, commercial buildings and industry facilities. I'm also a professional in AutoCAD programming.
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On this smseace Miniature Circuit Breaker Low Voltage AC 63A 400V,2 Poles AC Disconnect Switch C63, does it matter whether the input is plugged into the bottom or the top? I ask, because I have limited space in the portable backup solar power system that I am building and the wiring would be simpler and cleaner if the input AC is plugged into the bottom of the breaker and the output goes from the top connections, into the AC input at bottom of the inverter.
in a TNC-S system can I use 1P+N or 2P circuit breakers
How is reduced the temperature of rating current apply for the temperature rise test of miniature circuit breaker (MCB)
what is effect of temp on MCB. for example if 80 A single pole MCB is there, in that case what is effect of temp if load is DC and what is effect of temp if load is AC.
Interesting article.
I have a doubt.
How I should wiring a mcb if my load is monophasic. I mean, I just have a 3-pole mcb and my load is monophasic. In this, I just use, a 3-pole contactor and a 3-pole mcb. I do not need a OL because the load do not a motor.
Composed the language professionally.
Nice website
Greate job sir
Great articles. Can you make them also available for download in PDF ?
Thank you Charles. See the blue button ‘Get PDF’ on your left? That’s your answer!