Medium Voltage
Medium Voltage Earthing Systems – Arrangements and Comparison
First, let’s define the different medium voltage earthing systems and then compare the advantages and disadvantages of each one. Earthing systems in medium voltage can be differentiated according to the… Read more
Jul 03, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Example for Coordination of Cascaded Circuit Breakers
A 440 V 60 Hz switchboard feeds a 4-wire distribution board for small loads such as socket outlets. The switchboard has a fault making capacity of 100kA rms. After applying… Read more
Jun 24, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
When To Use a Solidly Grounded System?
As is evident from the name, a solidly grounded system is one where the neutral of the system is directly connected to ground without introducing any intentional resistance in the… Read more
Jun 10, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
Current and voltage sensors as an alternative to traditional CTs and VTs
As an alternative for traditional primary current and voltage measurement techniques, the use of sensor technique is gaining field. This technique is typically applied to current and voltage measurement in… Read more
May 25, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Metering
Understanding the ratios of magnetic HV instrument current transformers
The primary winding is a part of the network, carrying the actual load current. The transformer’s secondary circuits usually consist of several units, each of them having its own magnetic… Read more
May 22, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Industrial Automation
Field data interface devices as eyes and ears of a SCADA system
Field data interface devices form the “eyes and ears” of a SCADA system. Devices such as reservoir level meters, water flow meters, valve position transmitters, temperature transmitters, power consumption meters,… Read more
May 11, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Maintenance
Maintenance and testing of overcurrent protective devices
When designing electrical distribution systems, required maintenance and testing of the overcurrent protective devices is a very important consideration. The electrical system reliability, component and circuit protection, and overall safety… Read more
May 04, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Technical Guide/Paper
Guide to SCADA Systems and Industrial Control Systems Security (DCS, PLC)
SCADA (Supervisory control and data acquisition) systems are highly distributed systems used to control geographically dispersed assets, often scattered over thousands of square kilometers, where centralized data acquisition and control… Read more
May 02, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
Cable sizing of sub-main electrical circuits (working examples)
A sub-main electrical circuit can be defined as a circuit connected directly from the main LV switchboard to a sub-main distribution panel or a rising main for final connection of the minor… Read more
Apr 29, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
5 Types of equipment which generates the most harmonics
Harmonic load currents are generated by all non-linear loads. This includes: Switched mode power supplies (SMPS) Electronic fluorescent lighting ballasts Variable speed drives (VSDs) Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) Magnetic-cored devices… Read more
Apr 27, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Technical Guide/Paper
Lighting technical guide (circuits control and protection)
The electrical power connections have the role of transporting energy from the electrical switchboard to the lighting loads. They can be formed of cables or prefabricated busbar trunking. Where large… Read more
Apr 11, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Maintenance
Maintenance of transformer load tap changers (LTC)
LTC maintenance is the basis for the regulating transformer’s high level of reliability. The background for maintenance recommendations is as follows: Oil: For LTCs where oil is used for arc-quenching,… Read more
Mar 25, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Technical Guide/Paper
Guide to high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems
The transmission and distribution of electrical energy started with direct current. In 1882, a 50-km-long 2-kV DC transmission line was built between Miesbach and Munich in Germany. At that time,… Read more
Mar 21, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
6 Transformer Types You Can See In Commercial Installations
Transformers in commercial installations are normally used to change a voltage level from a utility distribution voltage to a voltage that is usable within the building, and are also used… Read more
Mar 16, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electronics
Should We Blame Supplier For Voltage Dips and Transients?
Voltage dips and transients are usually blamed on the supplier, but this is often unfair. There are many potential on-site causes; for example, starting of heavy loads may cause voltage… Read more
Mar 11, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
